THE FIRST FORESTS OF MODERN TYPE. 197 



again rose, and tlie northern flora spread itself southward 

 equally over Europe, Asia, ? d America, so that the Miocene 

 flora of all these regions is very similar; and this Miocene 

 flora continues substantially to this day in Eastern America 

 and Eastern Asia, except that it has been greatly reduced in 

 number of species by the intervention of the cold glacial 

 period ; but in Europe and in Western America it has been 

 largely replaced by other and apparently more modern species. 

 In England a remarkable deposit of this age is that of Bovey 



Fig. 164. — Branch and Fruh'of Seguoia Coiiiisice {llecr). Miocene. England. 



Tracey, in Devonshire, where beds of clay and brown coal 

 have afforded a rich flora of American and southern types. 

 The Sequoia shown in Fig. 164 abounds at this place, and is a 

 near relation of the celebrated *' big trees " of California ; the 

 Cinnainomum in Fig. 165 is a type equally foreign from 

 modern England. It is a curious feature of the Bovey deposit 

 that immediately above these Miocene beds, holding a rich 

 flora of warm temperate character, are glacial clays with leaves 

 of Arctic willows and of the dwarf birch, indicating a 



