REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF LH-E. 261 



the higher, and from the simpler to the more complex, and 

 from the more generalised to the more specialised. In this 

 progress new types are introduced, and take the place of the 

 older ones, which sink to a relatively subordinate place, and 

 become thus degraded. Jiut the physical and organic changes 

 have been so correlated and adjusted that life has not only 

 always maintained its existence, but has been enabled to assume 

 more complex forms, and that older forms have been made to 

 prepare the way for newer, so that there has been on the whole 

 a steady elevation culminating in man himself. Elevation and 

 specialisation have, however, been secured at the expense of 

 vital energy and range of adaptation, until the new element of 

 a rational and inventive nature was introduced in the case 

 of man. 



(8) In regard to the larger and more distinct types, we cannot 

 find evidence that they have, in their introduction, been jjre- ^ 

 ceded by similar forms connecting them with previous groups ; 

 but there is reason to believe that many sujiposed representa- 

 tive species in successive formations are really only races or 

 varieties. 



(9) In so far as we can trace their history, specific types are ^ 

 l)ernjai.ent in their characters from their introduction to their 

 extinction, and dieir earlier varietal forms are similar to their 

 later ones. 



(10) Palaeontology furnishes no direct evidence, perhaj)s never 

 can furnish any, as to the actual transformation of one sjiecies 

 into another, or as to the actual circumstances of creation of a 

 species, but the drift of its testimony is to show that species 

 come in J>er saltum^ rather than by any slow and gradual 

 process. 



(11) The origin and history of life cannot, any more than the 

 origin and determination of matter and force, l)c explained on 

 l)urely material grounds, but involve the consideration of power 

 referable to the unseen and spiritual world. 



Different minds may state these principles in different ways, 



