1887.] MICROSCOPICAL JOURNAL. 203 
staining matter, and a central very densely stained part, the nucleolus. 
Recent histology is interesting itself with studies which pass far beyond the 
recognition of the parts of the cell thus far detailed. and finds that the proto- 
plasm of the cell, and of the nucleus and nucleolus, are arranged in a very 
definite way which seems to throw some light upon just what processes take 
place in the cell when it works. But we must be content to stop short of 
following these deeper secrets of cell structure until by practice we are more 
than ‘ elementary ’ histologists. 
Before we leave the gland-cell of the liver, it will be worth our while to 
notice some points of comparison between it and the green-gland cell. The 
cells in both cases present the same parts, namely, a cell wall, protoplasmic 
cell substance, or ‘ cell-contents ’—a nucleus with its own parts. Further, in 
each case we may distinguish two ends of the cell, one of which, the outer 
end, is toward the lumen of the gland cavity, and the other, the inner end, 
is away from the cavity. Here the inner end is seated upon a basement 
membrane, which intervenes between the cell and the blood in the blood- 
space surrounding the tubule, and the same relations were observed in the 
green gland. But the cells are very unlike in shape and size, and important 
differences in their finest structure could be observed upon still more detailed 
study, as is shown, for instance, very plainly in the nucleolar matter of their 
nuclei. 
2. The blood.—In the spaces beyond the inner ends of the gland cells, 
which spaces can, in no place, be found to open through the glandular wall 
and into the lumen of the tubule, except at breaks, which are abnormal and 
not natural to the gland, granular matter will be found distributed with no 
apparent regularity, and scattered through it can be found oval bodies of the 
same size and shape as the blood corpuscles already studied in the green 
gland. (See page 102). 
3. The capsule of the gland is composed of cells, the details of whose 
structure have been spoken of before in another connection, and we need say 
nothing more of them since the section figured is not made by a method 
favorable for their demonstration. 
In conclusion we may say that these two organs, the liver and the green 
gland, are very favorable, indeed, to form the subjects of the first studies of 
the animal histologist, for they bring him into the presence of a great variety 
of objects of study, yet in a much simpler form than they have in many other 
cases. These tissues are of sufficient complication to furnish good training 
introductory to the study of the far harder ones of higher animals, and are 
yet sufficiently developed and specialized to be an introduction to them. 
The intestine is a good subject for further study where glandular and muscu- 
lar tissue are found in the wall of the gland cavity, and to them are added 
connective tissue—the three combined to form a simple kind of organ. And, 
later, the eye may be studied as an organ of very much greater complication 
and furnishing lessons of the kind which must be well learned before the dif- 
ficulties of vertebrate histology can be successfully faced. 
The biological examination of water.—III. 
By ROMYN HITCHCOCK, 
OSAKA, JAPAN. 
(Continued from page 171). 
In connection with the previously contributed notes on the examination or 
water, it will be of interest to say a few words to indicate how much value 
the officials in this enlightened country (Japan) attach to the results. It 
