HARMONIC TYPES AMONG WESTERN EUROPEAN CRANIA 103 



When the number of associated characters is reduced to two, by disregard- 

 ing the nasal index, the percentages of harmonic crania rise from 23.53 and 

 20.01 to 40.52 and 38.82 and the group with the highest degree of symmetry 

 shifts from the dolichocephalic-leptene to the mesocephalic-mesene; the 

 brachycephalic class, partly because of the infrequence of this head-form 

 in the total series, again gives the lowest figures. Even under conditions 

 easier to fulfill, 60 per cent of males and females fall outside the harmonic 

 classifications. Using the two indices, cephalic and upper facial, it is 

 possible to ascertain the type of asymmetrical development most commonly 

 found. On table 3, extreme or, to use Hooton's term (2), first degree dis- 

 harmony is presented. Only 8 per cent of all males combine a long head 

 with a short face or a short head with a long face, and the other 51 per cent 

 who are classified as disharmonic arrange their features in all the minor 

 grades of impurity. The females have developed in a similar manner. 



Although it follows the trend of male development, the female European 

 series shows fewer clear-cut types. Classified according to three indices or 

 two (tables 2 and 4) there is a lower frequency of harmonic individuals; 

 this was true for all four sub-groups as well as for the total series. It is 

 further illustrated by the correlations of table 5 where again, female rela- 

 tionships follow the order of the male but are present in a slighter degree. 

 This tendency for the females to be of less definite type is shown in all 

 correlations of other characters in the series and it is emphasized further 

 by the lower standard errors of group differences between females than 

 between males. 



Before the Merovingians and Reihengraber are condemned as mongrels, 

 they must be compared with other races. Is a high degree of harmony of 

 head and face typical of any human groups? Only a few peoples have 

 been hastily assembled to answer this question. The analysis of data on 

 the ancient inhabitants of Tenerife and Indians from the Santa Barbara 

 islands of California by Hooton (2) and on the published measurements of 

 crania from Greifenberg in Carinthia (Shapiro, 4) made by the present 

 writer are presented in contrast to our group (tables 4 and 5). On this list 

 of four, the Nordic males stand second in disharmony and first in extreme 

 disharmony. The Tenerife females, although below the Western Europeans 

 in total per cent of the disharmonic, show a far greater frequency of first 

 degree types. The degree of interdependence of the proportions of head 

 and face as represented by coefficients of correlation show finer group 

 differences than does the crude three-class distribution. Here the Western 

 Europeans take a higher rank in harmony among the four series and, on 

 the basis of the only correlations worked out by Hooton, the Tenerife 

 disharmony becomes more pronounced. Within the Western Nordic 



