252 THEODORE SZEL 



the nation and developed its race recognition, and that after the great afflic- 

 tions the central power is rising with renewed vigour to a consciousness 

 stronger in many respects than before, and taking measures to protect the 

 nation and the race as well as to improve the quality of the future generation. 

 Among these measures are: the numerus clausus at the universities, laws 

 regulating emigration, restricting certain political tendencies, particularly 

 the suppression of Communism, repeated application of summary jurisdic- 

 tion, the conclusion of foreign commercial agreements, with other regulations 

 and prohibitions. We find similar measures abroad also. For instance, 

 even the United States of North America, which is so sparsely populated 

 compared with Europe (14 inhabitants per km 2 ) protects the Anglo-Saxon 

 race forming the majority of its population. In its new immigration law 

 it adheres to the principle of "the preferred race" and places a strict limit 

 upon the immigration of undesired peoples. 



There can be no doubt that these eugenic effects of the World War which 

 in certain respects are beneficial become completely dwarfed by the side of 

 the dysgenic effects. The extraordinary war-time depopulation and de- 

 moralisation brought dysgenic consequences in many directions. Owing to 

 the bloodshed of the Great War, increase was abruptly arrested. Multi- 

 tudes were by their premature death precluded from reproducing their kind 

 so that a great deficiency of births resulted. The complete human losses 

 in the belligerent countries are threefold: 



1. Deficiency in births resulting from the war-time decrease of the pro- 

 portion of marriages and births. The proportion of live-births in Hungary 

 up to 1918 fell to 15.3 per thousand from the 34.3 per thousand of 1913. In 

 absolute figures this means that from 1st. May 1925, or in other words from 

 the time of the birth of children procreated in war-time to the end of the 

 War in historic Hungary (exclusive of Croatia-Slavonia), an average of 

 332.731 births only took place per annum which is 51.2 per cent fewer than 

 the annual average number in the last five years preceding the War. Thus 

 owing to the missed potential births the total loss is one and a quarter mil- 

 lion. The most useful and the flower of our manhood perished on the battle- 

 field. Of those suffering from diseases transmissible to offspring, especially 

 syphilis and tuberculosis, the proportion rose in the population which re- 

 mained at home. Owing to the "counter selection" of enlistment, the pro- 

 portion of infected infants originating from fathers suffering from chronic 

 diseases has risen in the reduced number of births. 



2. We have compiled the direct losses of man-power suffered by Hungary 

 in slain, wounded, missing and prisoners, and finally in the loss of territory 

 by virtue of the Peace Treaty, from the official statements published by the 



