GENETIC EFFECTS OF WAR IN HUNGARY 253 



former Imperial and Royal War Ministry and the supplementary estimates 

 made by the Royal Hungarian Ministry of the Interior, and we have struck 

 an average from the data published in the treatise of Mike above referred to. 

 In the World War the complete loss of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 

 was about 5,000,000 men. Of these 2,138,000 fell to the Hungarian domin- 

 ions, including Croatia- Slavonia, 743,000 consisting of wounded. The 

 remainder were: killed 381,000; missing 400,000; and prisoners 641,000. 

 During the Great War of 1914-1918 of the population of present-day Hun- 

 gary according to the Treaty of Trianon, 155,799 (or in round figures 156,- 

 000) were killed, representing 4.1 per cent of the male population of the 

 present area in 1910. There was a genetic effect also from the loss of blood 

 in that the loss did not strike the different popular strata with equal inten- 

 sity. The urban population — including those non-residents engaged in 

 business or employment in the towns — suffered less blood-loss than did the 

 rural population. Classified according to religion the blood sacrifice of the 

 Reformed — so-called Hungarian — Religion was the greatest in proportion, 

 while the smallest was that made by the Jews. 



3. The untimely deaths increased in consequence of the enhanced mor- 

 tality of the Hinterlands and the part of the decrease in the growth of popu- 

 lation traceable thereto. The mortality of 22.3 per thousand in 1913 on the 

 present-day Trianon area by 1918 rose to 26.4 per thousand. In 1918 there 

 were 53,201 deaths from the epidemic of Spanish influenza alone. In the 

 arduous war-time position of the Hinterland owing to the high price of food- 

 stuffs and the lack of doctors and medicines, the mortality may have been 

 even higher than the figures published, but those absent at the front were 

 not included in this calculation. The war-time spread of the great popular 

 diseases, especially that of tuberculosis owing to the great misery, and that 

 of syphilis owing to demoralisation caused the quality of the population to 

 deteriorate, a fact which could not fail to have a dysgenic effect on the future 

 generation. 



Finally the war-time demoralisation, the moral damage, is particularly 

 expressed in the statistics of the law courts. Crime of enhanced propor- 

 tions caused dysgenic damage, for the proportion of the criminal offspring of 

 criminal fathers increased. Owing to the war-time increase of crime in the 

 years immediately after the War, the legal cases finally disposed of in Hun- 

 gary, even considering the reduction in the size of her territory, were nearly 

 as numerous as on the larger historic area. In 1922 there were 83,000 while 

 in 1913 there were only 85,000. The proportion of graver punishments in- 

 flicted by the courts of justice was shockingly high. In 1922 there were 151 

 per ten thousand of such cases which is nearly twice as large as in 1913 when 



