HEREDITY AND MANIC-DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSES 



339 



number of affected individuals, we would require a total of at least 56 cases 

 of mental disease. In other words, 38 more cases would have to arise 

 among the brothers and sisters, and possibly among parents, uncles and 

 aunts, a result which is in the highest degree improbable. 



Turning to the several degrees of relationship we find the following results: 

 Among fathers, expected cases 3, actual none; mothers, expected 3, actual 2; 

 grandfathers, expected 4, actual 2; grandmothers, expected 4, actual none; 

 uncles, expected 10, actual 3; aunts, expected 8, actual 3; brothers, expected 



TABLE 5 

 Frequency of mental and nervous diseases and defects among relatives of 95 female 



manic-depressives 



RELATIONSHIP 



Father 



Mother 



Paternal grandfather . . 

 Paternal grandmother . 

 Maternal grandfather . . 

 Maternal grandmother . 



Paternal uncles 



Paternal aunts 



Maternal uncles 



Maternal aunts 



Brothers 



Sisters 



Total . 



TOTAL 

 DISEASES 



AND 



DEFECTS 



RECORDED* 



24 

 21 



5 

 1 

 3 

 1 

 6 

 3 

 2 

 3 

 26 

 23 



118 



One individual may have more than one defect or disease. 



5, actual 4; sisters, expected 6, actual 4. In every case the actual results 

 are less than the expected results. 



From among the families of the 60 male probands we may select the 17 

 in which the father had some mental or nervous defect or disease, including 

 2 suicides. The 17 patients had 53 brothers and sisters, among whom there 

 developed 1 psychosis. A total of 2.4 cases would be expected on the basis 

 of random sampling. Selecting similarly the cases of 13 patients whose 

 mothers had some mental or nervous disorder, we find a total of 40 brothers 



