24 N. Yamasaki 



Tamsui harbour at its moutli. Tlie city is connected by railways 

 with Kelung to the north and Taichu, Tainan and Tal^ao to the 

 south. Tainan was once called Taiwan-fu, and there are the ruins of 

 an old Dutch fort called Zeelandia. The anchorage of this town is 

 unfortunately very shallow and too open, so that commercial prospe- 

 rity is removing to the naturally and artificially well equipped harbour 

 of Takao to the south. 



Holvo-to, or the Pascadore Islands, are a group of small islands 

 in Taiwan Channel. They are of basalt, Avith an insignificant altitude 

 above the sea. The main island of Hoko-to has an excellent shelter 

 harbour, called Mako. 



vi. Hokkaido : — Yezo, as it is called by Europeans, is the 

 second great island of Japan. It is rhombic in its general outline 

 with a terraced coast mostly level and low, having a peninsula of 

 fish-tail shape on the southwest, in the south end of which is located 

 Hakodate, the best harbour and main entrance of the island. The 

 continuation of the volcanic chains in northern Honshu extends into 

 this peninsular part. The large bay of Uchiura, or Volcano Bay, 

 commands an excellent view of various volcanoes on its coast. On the 

 south of the bay is the well-known Koma-ga-take, 1140 m. There 

 are many volcanoes, especially in the region to the north of the bay. 

 Makkari-nupuri or Shiribeshi-yama, 1893 m., which is situated at the 

 centre of that volcanic region, is noted for its perfect cone. Other 

 active volcanoes such as Usu, Tarumaye, etc., are also there. 



The backbone of the main pai't of the island consists of older 

 rocks and passes through the island in a S.S.E.-N.N.W. direction 

 from Cape Erimo to Cape Soya. The southern half of this range is 

 called the Hidaka Mountains, and the Yubari Eange runs parallel to 

 it along its western side. At the centre of this backbone stand many 

 peaks, most of which are volcanoes. Among these prominent peaks, 

 Nutapkaushibe, 2290, m., Oputateshike, 2052 m., and Tokachi-dake, 

 2077 m., are well known, the last one especially being noted for its 

 quite recent eruption of 24. May, 1926. Ishikari-dake, consisting of 

 older eruptive rocks, 2035 m., is also remarkable for its high altitude. 

 The Chishima volcanic chain runs east, from Nutapkaushibe. including 

 several volcanic cones, such as Meakan, 1617 m., and Oakan, 1514 m., 

 in the main island, and Atosa-nupuri, Eaushi, etc. in Chishima. 



The Yubari Eange is made of Cretaceous and Tertiary formations, 

 and is rich in coal seams. Many collieries such as Yubari, Ikushun- 



