28 N. Yamasaki 



new line built through the west mountain chain. The census of 1920 

 gives the pojuilation as 105,899. It varies in summer and winter, 

 being greater in summer on account of the fishing season. The density 

 of population is only three per sq. km. and is quite insignificant when 

 compared with that of other parts of Japan, even Hokkaido. 



The principal industry is fishing. Among the fish products, 

 fried herring, canned crabs and salted salmon are well known. Lum- 

 bering, especially the pulp industry, is developing there. Besides oats 

 and rye, wheat is also raised on the plains. 



Toyohara, formerly Russian Vladirailovka, is the provincial capital. 

 It is connected by railway with Odoniari, the principal port of the 

 island. There is a regular ferry service between this harbour and 

 Wakkanai, the railway terminus of the northern end of Hokkaido. 

 Maoka is the second important icefree harbour and the centre of the 

 fisheries in the Gulf of Tartary. 



viii. Chosen : — Cho?en or Korea is a large peninsula projected 

 southwards from the Asiatic continent, and its area is a little smaller 

 thiin that of Honshu. It is separated from Manchuria by the natural 

 boundaries of the Changpai Range and the two large streams of 

 Yalu and Tumen. The topography of the peninsula is not similar 

 in its northern and southern districts. In the former, the Changpai 

 Range forms a wall at the back, upon which stands a gigantic volcano 

 called Hakuto-san or Paik-to-san, 2744 m., with a large crater lake 

 known as Lungwong or " The Dragon King " on its summit. To the 

 south of this range the extensive j)lateau of Kaima slopes down to 

 end in a steep scarp on the shore of the Sea of Japan. The surface 

 of this plateau is covered with lava-flows from Hakuto, which are 

 dissected into many mesa, especially in the North Kankyo district. These 

 lava-flows on the other side of the range form a more extensive plateau 

 in IManchiu-ia, which is covered by an ocean of virgin forests. The 

 southern part of Chosen consists of many tilted mountains of Archean 

 and Palaeozoic formations, which run mostly in meridional directions. 

 Among them, Taihaku-san is the most noted. It forms i)ractically 

 the backbone of the peninsula, with a steep scarp to the Sea of Japan 

 in the east and dii)s gently to the west, making many hills and 

 plains. Kongo-san, or the Diamond Mountains, are noted for their 

 scenic beauties of granite peaks, pinnacles and gorges. A remarkable 

 rift valley crosses the neck of the peninsula, through which basalt 

 eruption took i)lace. The lava covers the surface of the valley 



