78 BuNzo Hayata 



nature, comprising palms and Cycas with many other tropical elements. 

 From Kifishfi, we go back a little northwards and come to Korea. 

 There, in the northern part of the peninsula, the whole physiognomy 

 of the vegetation reminds us of that of Manchuria and Siberia. We 

 then fly southwestwards as far as Formosa, where vegetation of a 

 subtropical nature is observed. Palms and tree-ferns are frequently 

 found in the lowland regions, while on the peaks are wonderful forests 

 of Chaniaecijparis ohtusa, a species of the Coniferae peculiar to Japan 

 and Formosa. 



Next, we go back a little eastwards and come to the Loo-choos. 

 There we find that the flora is also of a subtropical nature. Then, 

 we continue our flying straight eastwards and find the Bonins, quite 

 isolated and bathing in the warm waters of the Pacific. The vegeta- 

 tion here is a good example of an insular flora, j)OPsePsing as it does 

 a great many endemic elements. Thence advancing due south, and 

 passing the Troj)ic of Cancer, we find the Micronesias, extending 

 through the Marianas on the east to the Marshalls, on the west as 

 far as the western Caroline?, and on the south to the Equator. Here 

 we see that the flora is entirely of an oceanic character and the 

 vegetation is of a tropical nature. 



It is clear from this outline that to treat the present sul)iect as 

 one topic is utterly impossible. For the sake of convenience, I have 

 divided the subject into eleven headings and arranged them in accor- 

 dance with the order in which we have just taken a flying view of 

 the flora and vegetation throughout the whole Empire, including the 

 territories imder the Japanese ujandatory rule. 



I. Southern Saghalien (46°-50°N.Lat., 141°-T45°E.Long ). 



As may be understood from the geographical position of the 

 island, the flora in the southern jmrt bears considerable resemblance 

 to that of Hokkaido, while in the north, the flora is similar to that 

 of Kamchatlva and southern Siberia. Vegetation of a park-like nature 

 is generally to be seen in the summer. In boggy places, are found 

 plenty of Sphagnum and several species of hygrophilous and raesophy- 

 tic plants. Peat beds have been formed here by the remains of 

 decayed plants. Even in midsummer, the ground is found frozen to a 

 depth of from 5 to 6 feet below the surface. The whole physiognomy 

 of this region bears some resemblance to that of the tundra of 

 Siberia. In shore regions, we usually find dense shrubbery consisting 



