ON THE FAUNA OF JAPAN. 117 



worthy is the giant salamander {MegaJohatrachus japonicus), which 

 inhabits the cool mountain streams of provinces in Honshu, south of 

 Mino, and also in Kyushu. Although not common, it is not very rare. 

 It is known to occur also in China, and may be said to represent 

 a good example which marks off the Eastasian subregion from the 

 others. As the representative of the northern district may be recorded 

 H. peropus, which is found at high altitudes. Extensively distributed 

 in Japan proper are Diemictylus pyrrJiogaster and On/jcliodactylus 

 Japonicus, the former being the commonest of all. 



The freshwater fishes are known from an immense number of 

 species, many of which appear to be rather limited in distribution. 

 Some are confined to x)articular river valleys, others inhabit the lakes 

 of a limited district only, while some are restricted to a comparatively 

 narrow area. Generally speaking, the southern district presents us with 

 the following sjjecies : Acheilognathus limhatus, Sarcoclieiliclithys varie- 

 gatus, Opsariichthys uncirostris, Zacco temminchii, Brittosus kaioame- 

 hari, Sicyopterus japonicus, RhinogoMus hadropterus, etc. Ranging 

 over the northern area are found such forms as Oncorliynchus, Pseu- 

 doperilampus typus, Chloea senbae, etc. Widely spread over Japan 

 proper occurs Plecoglossus aJUvelis. The river Nagara, in the province 

 of Mino, is famous for its fishing with the cormorant. 



Intermingled here are found enormous numbers of insects which 

 {ire of three different characters, Em-asian, Eastasian, and Oriental. 

 Of these the Eastasian, and especially the Oriental elements, find 

 congenial habitats in the southern district. Such species may be 

 represented by Ypthima motschulskyi, Argynnis hyperbius, Curetis acuta 

 paracuta, ArJiopala Japonica, Ar. bazalus, Papilio dosum mikado. Pap. 

 helenus nicconicolens, Uanais melissa septentrionis, Melanitis leda de- 

 terminata, Erasmia purcliella, Cicindera cJiinensis, Eiderpnosia cJiiben- 

 sis, Cryptotympa,na pustuhia, Tramea cliinensis, Orthetrum sahina, 

 Coptotermes formosanus, etc. Spread over to the northern district are 

 frequently found some southern elements, which do not appear in 

 Hokkaido, for example. Pap. protenor demetrius, Eurema hecabe, 

 Dicliorragia uesimachus nesiotes, Chrysochroa elegans, Xylotrupes dicho- 

 tomus, Kirlwldyia deyrolUi, etc. The forms with northern affinities 

 are found to abound chiefly in the northern district. Such are Vanessa, 

 nrticae connexa, Luedortia puziloi inexpecta, Pieris napinesis, Sinerin- 

 thus coecus, PliyUosphingia dissimilis, Mimas christophi, UrocJiela 

 JozanJceana, etc. The so-called al^Dine species inhabit the high moun- 



