]18 ToKio Kaburbki 



tain districts of central Honsliu. They are represented Ly Aporia 

 Irippia, Erehia ligea takanon/'s, Oeneis Ji/tta, Pampliila polacmon, etc. 



The niolhiscs are very rich and varied. Very likely to be mot 

 witli are in the southern region the following freshwater bivalve fhells 

 and land snails : Corhicula ortliodonta, G. sandai, C. viola, Nodvlaria 

 gladiolus, Pseudodon loomibi, Eulota sicholdiana, Pupinella ritfa, GijcJo- 

 jjhorus herklotsi, etc. In the northern region we find that there iuhabit 

 puch species as Sphaerium imdilis, N. japonensis, Pyraiiiidula pauper, 

 etc. Besides, some interesting species in the middle region can be seen, 

 such as Sph. htterodon, N. liaconensis, N. parcedenta, E. peliomplwJa, 

 E. caHkono, etc. 



Extensively distributed are a number of dangerous parasitic worms 

 which infest men and domestic animals. Some of the most notable 

 are Anlcylostoma duodenale, Filaria hancrofti, etc. in round worms ; 

 EibothriocepJwIus latus. Taenia saginata, etc. in tape worms ; the liver 

 fluke (CIonorcMs endemicus), the lung fluke {Paragonimus iceEtermamii), 

 Sclvktosomum japom'cum, Iletagonimus yoliolwicai , FaEciolopiis husl^i, 

 Fa.sciolo. Jiepatica, etc. in distomes. 



As regards the faunal affinities of the islands of Tanegashima 

 and Yalcushima, situated in the Pacific just south of Kyushu, much 

 discussion has hitherto arisen, as already noticed. At a glance these 

 islands appear to be widely different in character from Kyushu. 

 According to close examination, however, it is clearly made out that 

 notwithstanding the poverty of their fauna, a large number of animal 

 forms, exclusive of certain insects, are closely related to those found 

 in Kyushu, either as identical or allied species, so that the islands 

 must be considered as forniing the southern out-posts of the Palaearctic 

 section. Species which are supposed to be peculiar are 31ogera. wognra. 

 Jianai, Crocidura dsinezvmi nmhrina, Apodemns speciosns dorsalis, 

 Ap. geisha yahiii, Mudekt itafhi slio, etc. amongst mammals ; the 

 Yakushima jay, Zosierops palpehrosa insniaris, Picus awolcera taJcatsn- 

 ka.iae, Hernia celaenops yakushimaensis. Troglodytes troglodytes ogaioae, 

 etc., amongst birds; and Bufb vulgaris yahnshirnaensis amongst 

 amphibians. 



Formosa. — As this island is interrupted only by a narrow 

 channel from the continent, we should naturally expect a close resem- 

 blance between the productions of" the two districts. In fact, there 

 can be seen a certain feature, the identity or affinity of several 

 amiiuals,, with the Oriental as well as with the Palaearctic species, 



