126 TOKIO KABrKAKT 



tlie last to near tlie Boso peiiiusula. 



Around the Kurilts, Hokkaido, and Saghalien are found in im- 

 mense quantities many fishes like the cods, salmons, and herring, which 

 -tire of the same greatest economic importance as in Norway, Scotland, 

 Newfoundland, and other countries. Amongst the cods, Eleginus navaga 

 is circunjpolar in range, being confined to the north of Hokkaido, while 

 Gadus macroceplicdus and Theragra cJialcogramriia make their way 

 southwards to off Miyagi prefecture, on the Pacific side, and to off 

 Shimane prefecture, on the Japan Sea side. Clupea -pallasii is found 

 to come down to near the Inubo-saki and Ishikawa prefecture. Amongst 

 the other farthest north fishes we find Trichodon tricJiodon extending 

 down to near Hokkaido ; Arcotoscopus japonicus ranging over to off 

 Shimane prefecture; Percis japonica having its southern limit on the 

 neighbouring coast of Niigata ; Blepsias draciscus and Pholis fasciatus 

 confined to the north of Aomori ; and Ammodytes personatus appearing 

 in the Inland Sea. Generally speaking, the northern forms, though 

 occasionally extending down to as far south as the East China Sea, 

 uppear to be confined in distribution to the north of Kyushu. 



Comparatively shallower in the waters are found some ascidians, 

 like Halocyntkia roretzi, Chelyosoma siboja, 3Iolgula crystallina, 31. 

 redikorzevi, etc. The first two are largely eaten in this country, 



Much less developed here than in the tropics are a number of 

 echinoderms, amongst which we find the following species : Opliinra 

 crypiolepis, Ophiacantha rliacliopliora, Gorgonocephalus caryi, etc. in 

 brittle-stars ; Leptychaster anomalus, Pentagonaster japonicus, Hippas- 

 teria spinosa, Pseudarcliaster parelii, etc. in star-fishes ; Coptosoma 

 €remdare, Strongylocentrotus drohac/iiemis, etc. in sea-urchins ; and 

 Sticliopus japonicus, Cucumaria japonica, C. chronhjelmi, and Psolus 

 squamoMis in sea-cucumbers. Some of them are found s])read into 

 the middle zone on both sides, the Pacific and the Japan Sea. Amongst 

 the sea -cucumbers, the first two species are of economic value in this 

 country. 



Ranging from the Behring Sea to the Japan Sea occurs Paralitliodes 

 camtscliatica, which attains a large size and is one of great economic 

 importance. Its famous fishing grounds are the coasts of Kunashir and 

 Saghalien. With this is associated the most edible crab, Chionecetes 

 opilio. The prawns likely to be met with are several species of Pandcdus, 

 such as P. platyceros and P. liypsinotus, which range widely from the 

 Behring Sea soutliAvards to the Kumano Sea or beyond, as well as to off 



