A BKIEP OUTLINE OP THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN JAPAN 233 



tlms using mediciue as a lueans of missionary work. The medical art 

 thus tranf-'diiitted by the Portuguese gradually grew into a school of its 

 own, called ''Surgery of Southern Foreigners" ]%" '^ ^ 5'i* ^-^• 



In the beginning of the 17th century, Tokugawa leyasu opened 

 the Vice-royal government in Yedo ^^Tokyo) where learning and oulture 

 prospered. The philosophy of nature and the human intellect pro- 

 pounded by Chu Hsi (Shushi) and his school of the Sung dynasty 

 (960 — 1280 A.D.) in China exerted some influence upon the teaching 

 of medicine of that day. The works of Liu Wan-Su ^i| ^ ^ and. 

 Chang Tsil-Hou ^ ^ f were then respected as the highest 

 authorities. 



After a short while, the famous scholar Ito Jinsai came to the 

 front, who strongly opposed the philosophy of Chu Hsi (Shushi) and 

 inculcated a return to the ancients. At the same time, Nagoya Gen'i, 

 the famous medical scholar, also raised opposition to the medical 

 teachings of the Li-Chu school ^ y^ ^ ^ and advocated the teaching 

 propounded by Chang Chung-Ching ^jili :^ of the Tang dynasty in his 

 Shan-han Lun ^^^, thus reviving the so-called '' classical medicine." 

 In this school of classical medicine in Japan, the principal names are 

 Goto Konzan (1659 — 1733), Kagawa Shuan (1683 — 1755), Yamawaki 

 Toyo, Y^oshimasu Todo (1702 — 1773) and Yoshimasu Nangai 

 (1750—1813). 



Yamawaki Toyo dissected in 1784 corpses of criminals and wrote 

 a book on the anatomy of the viscera based on his observations, 

 entitled Zo-Shi f^ j^. In this work he pointed out the errors in 

 the anatomical teaching of the Chinese and Japanese authors. He 

 also insisted on the importance in medical study of empirical obser- 

 vations, and strongly dissented from habit of fornmlating theories and 

 opinions founded only on spieculation and phantasy. 



Yoshimasu Todo took a further step forward and insisted on 

 rejecting even the teaching of the classical authors when found by prac- 

 tical application to be useless or incorrect. He rebuked the worship of 

 authority and hinjself propounded the theory of '' A single poison for 

 all diseases ", thus making himself a hero among his innumerable 

 followers. 



As has been already mentioned, it was in tlie middle of tlie 16th 

 century tliat the Portuguese first visited Japan. They were followed 

 by the Spaniards and the English. The Dutch also came to Hirado 



