234 Y. Fujikawa 



where they were permitted to trade in the beginuing of tlie 17th csntury 

 and soon afterwards the Dutch East Indies Company (founded in 1602) 

 entered into commercial relations with the Japanese at this place. In 

 1641, the 8th year of Kvvan-ei, the Dutch were permitted to live in 

 Dejima, on the outskirts of Nagasaki. After this, all the European 

 except the Dutch were forbidden to have any intercourse with the 

 Japanese and Japanese scholars were forbidden to read European 

 books. It was only through intercourse with the Dutch in Dejima 

 that European culture and learning were transmitted to the 

 Japanese. 



There were always in the Dutch settlement of Dejima physicians 

 who gave instruction through interpreters in Nagasaki. They also 

 always accompanied the Dutch Envoy on the latter's annual visit to 

 Yedo (Tokyo), where they had opportunities to transmit their medical 

 art to some of the physicians of Tokyo. The best known of the Dutch 

 medical men in Dejima was Caspar Schambergen, who in 1649 (the 

 2nd year of Keian) accompanied the Dutch envoy on his of3Scial visit 

 to Yedo. His influence on the medical profession was so great that 

 there sprang up a school of surgery named after him. 



Besides Caspar Schambergen, there were several other Dutch l)hy- 

 sicians who transmitted their art to Japanese physicians. Their names 

 are Hoffmann (1650), Almans Katz (1661), Danner (1663), Palm (1666), 

 Stieven, William Ten Ehyne (1673), Engelbert Kampfer (1690), et 

 al. The number of Japanese interpreters who learned the medical 

 art in this way from Dutch physicians in Nagasaki gi-adually 

 increased so that at last there sprang up the so-called Dutch school of 

 surgery. 



Toward the tnd of the 17th century, a Dutch version of a French 

 book on surgery by Ambrose Pare was imported into Japan and Nara- 

 bayashi Eikyti published in 1706 an abridged translation of it under 

 the title Gekioa Soden. Nishi Geutetsu then published in 1713 the 

 Kinso-GhiUuhoku-Byoji-Sho which was patterned largely on Pare's 

 book. Pare's influence was so great as to start a new school of ortho- 

 pedics as a subdivision of the science of surgery. 



Although the medical science of Europe gradually permeated 

 through the Japanese medical profession through the agency of inter- 

 preters of the Dntcli language in Nagasaki, the prohibition against 

 European books was still stringent and it was mostly through the 

 medium of direct conversation that European knowledge was gained. 



