236 Y. FxjJiKAvvA 



tliore came iut«) existence a new school called the Rangaku, which 

 means '' The science of Holland ". 



In 1783, there was published the famous Baiigahu-Kaitei, {^' A 

 Staircase to Dutch Learning"), by Otsuki Gentaku. This was the 

 first book on Dutch granimar published in Japanese. In 1795, Inamura 

 Sanpaku published his Dutch-Japanese dictionaiy under the name of 

 Harma-Wakai. In this manner the way was now being paved for the 

 study of the Dutch language, which afterwards flourished. 



The .science of anatonjy was, as we have seen, imported from 

 Europe in a fragmentary manner during the course of the 17th century. 

 It could not but be in very coarse and rough outlines. In the IStli 

 century, Yamawaki Toyo disproved by his ZosM, (literally, " Records 

 of the Viscera "), the traditional teachings of the ancient Chinese 

 authors, but at the same time his own statements were vague and 

 inexact. After the publication of the " New Manual of Anatomy ", 

 there were on the one liand scholars who translated other Dutch books on 

 anatomy, and on the other hand, medical men who rej)orted their own 

 observations on autopsies. Numerous monographs on anatomy thus 

 appeared one after another. The most famous of these is the Ihan- 

 teiko ("Essentials of Medicine") published in 1805 by Udagawa 

 Genshin. It is a compilation chielly from the anatomical works of 

 Brankart, Farfin, Winslow and others. This book had a very wide 

 circulation in the medical world of Japan. Shingfi By5tei then trans- 

 lated Plenck's book on anstomy and the science of anatomy grew in 

 depth and exactitude 



European physiology was introduced into Ja],>an in 1836, the 3rd 

 year of Tempo, by Takano Choei with his Igen-Suyo (" Central Truths 

 of Medical Teaching "). This book was an abridged translation of a 

 book by Blumenbach and Eose. Richerand's Nouveaux ElemenU de 

 Physiologie was then translated by Hirose Genkyo and jMitsukuri Genpo. 

 Hirose's translation of Adolph Ypeys' Elementa rhysiologiae appeared 

 in 1856. Shingtl Ryotei's Seirisoku was a translation of Plenck's book 

 on anatomy and Shimamura Kanaye's Seiri Hatsumo was a translation 

 of Lieback's book on physiology. There were all widely used as text- 

 books of physiology. 



The first complete work on internal medicine ever translated from 

 a European language was that of Johannes de Gorter. It was }»ublished 

 in 1793, the 5th }ear of Kwansei, l)y Udagawa Genzui umler the title 

 of Naihwa Senijo, or '' The Essentials of Medicine." Other translations 



