240 Y. FiMiKAWA 



in 1765 by Kagawa when he began to teach the art of midwifery 

 foinided on liis own experiences. Tlie versions of several European 

 ])ooks on midwifery were ]»ul)]ished and the Sanhwo, Hatsumo 

 (" Elements of Midwifery ") published in 1774. by Katakura Genshu 

 is an abridged translation of the works of certain English and Dutch 

 authors. 



Towards the latter half of the 17th century, the orthopedic art, 

 a new branch of surgery, sprang uj) under the influence of the 

 European medical teaching. This art makes as its object the cure or 

 restoration of fractm-ed or dislocated bones. It was built up to its 

 full importance by Ninomiya Ken and Kagami Bunken. 



The European school of medicine underwent a sure and gradual 

 growth as described in the ])receding pages until in 1857, the 4tli yeai' 

 of Ansei, its practitioners united to start an institution called the 

 iSJwtd-Sho, literally an " Office for vaccination ", the object of whicli 

 was to cultivate medical science. The control of this institution was 

 handed over in 1860 to the government. It was then known by the 

 new name of Seiyo IgaJmsJw {" Institution for Western Medicine "). 

 Ito Genboku, Hayashi Dokai, Otsuki Shunsai, and Ogata Koan suc- 

 ceeded each other in the office of Director of the Institute. The 

 Medical Department of the Tokyo Imperial University has its origin 

 in this Institute. 



In 1860, the first year of Man-en, Matsumoto Ryojun, a govern- 

 ment medical officer, received a commission to found a hospital in 

 Nagasaki with an attached school of medicine. He invited Porape von 

 Meerdervoort, a Dutcli naval surgeon, to be a professor and had him 

 give instruction to students of medicine. Two students were chosen 

 to be sent abroad to Holland for further pursuance of medical science. 

 These two were Ito Hosei and Hayashi Ki, and they became the 

 pioneers of Japanese studying medicine in Europe. After their return 

 home, they both contributed to the onward progress of medical science 

 in Japan. 



After Pompe left Nagasaki, Bauduin succeeded him as Director 

 of the Hospital, and Bauduin was later succeeded by Mausfeld. They 

 taught students in conjunction with their assistants. In Kyoto, 

 there was also a medical school, founded by Shingu Eyotei, where 

 medicine w^as taught with the use of books translated fi-oni the works 

 of European authors. The medical schools of Kanagawa, Tokushima, 

 Fukui, and Eagi were founded in 1854, 1858, 1856, and 1840 



