102 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 11 
305 (497) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte) 
YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD 
Synonyms—Agelaius ranthocephalus; Xanthocephalus longipes; Xanthoce- 
phalus icterocephalus. 
Status—Common in summer in the vicinity of lakes and marshes in the 
northeastern plateau area and in the San Joaquin-Sacramento basin; of irreg- 
ular occurrence elsewhere, almost everywhere within the state, except in the 
northwest coast belt and in the rougher mountainous sections. Recorded as 
breeding west locally to San Jose (Van Denburgh, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soe., 
xxxvill, 1899, p. 168), and south to Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County (J. Grin- 
nell, Bds. Los Angeles Co., 1898, p. 32), Bear Valley, San Bernardino County 
(Morcom, Ridgw. Orn. Club, Bull. no. 2, 1887, p. 47), and San Jacinto Lake, Riy- 
erside County (Willett and Jay, Condor, xm, 1911, p. 160). Winters irregularly 
in the San Diegan district and on suitable parts of the Colorado desert. Ap- 
pears during migration at many localities both on the desert and western slopes; 
but not recorded at any season in northwestern California west of the west base 
of Mount Shasta and north of Petaluma, nor from any of the islands. 
306 (499) Agelaius phoeniceus californicus Nelson 
Br-coLoreD REp-wWINGED BLACKBIRD 
Synonyms—A gelaius phoeniceus, part; Agelaius qubernator, part; Agelaius 
phoeniceus gubernator, part; Agelaius gubernator californicus, part; Agelaius 
californicus; Bi-colored Blackbird, part; Red-shouldered Blackbird; Swamp 
Blackbird, part ; Red-winged Blackbird, part. 
Status—Abundant resident of the San Francisco Bay region, in typical 
form north to Freestone and Santa Rosa, Sonoma County (Mus. Vert. Zool.), 
east to Suisun and south at least to Santa Cruz; less typically, or of unknown 
status north to Red Bluff, Tehama County, east to the Sierran foothills, and 
south through the San Joaquin Valley at least to Stanislaus County (J. Mail- 
liard, Condor, xt, 1910, p. 66). Very great confusion has evidently existed in 
the separation of this blackbird from the red-and-buff shouldered type. and IT am 
not at all certain of the standing of many records. Mr. W. W. Cooke of the U. 
S. Bureau of Biological Survey has kindly looked up the basis of the A. O. U. 
Check-List (Third Edition, 1910, p. 235) statement that californicus strageles 
east to Owens Lake, and reports that the bird was really ‘‘newtralis’’ (doubtless 
the more recently separated nevadensis). Californicus, or ‘‘gubernator’’, as it 
used to be called, according to material now available for examination and also 
according to the careful studies by J. Mailliard (loc. cit.). appears to have its 
center of range, geographically and subspecifically, in the region close about San 
Francisco Bay, and does not occur, at farthest, south of the 36th parallel. 
307 (498e, part) Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis Ridgway 
San Direo RED-wINGED BLACKBIRD 
Synonyms—Agelaius phoeniceus, part; Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis, 
