58 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I25 



S. rubicundulum Knab, thereby bringing the total to six. Bequaert, in 

 his vahiable study, discussed, in addition to the taxonomy of this group 

 of flies, techniques for rearing and breeding them, their developmental 

 stages and habits, and parasites of the larvae, pupae, and adults. He 

 presented an excellent review of the literature of these phases, as well 

 as his personal experiences with the Guatemalan species. 



De Leon (1943) added S. pulverulentum Knab and S. haematopo- 

 tum Malloch to the Simuliidae Icnown from Guatemala, and he de- 

 scribed one new species he found in the highlands, Cnephia roblesi 

 (De Leon) . He also presented photographs of the respiratory appara- 

 tus of four other species, unknown in Guatemala at that time, and 

 identified them by letters, awaiting subsequent formal description. A 

 discussion was given of the general distribution of the known species. 

 In 1944 De Leon described nine additional new species for Guatemala, 

 again using the form of the pupal respiratory filaments as the sole 

 distinguishing characters. In 1948 he gave a complete description of 

 another new species. The 10 new species were: 5". tricornis, pacheco- 

 lunai, vargasi, diazi, capricornis, aqiimnarensis, carolinae, giiatemalen- 

 sis, hoydi, and larvispinosum. In 1946 Vargas, Martinez, and Diaz 

 synonymized vargasi De Leon ( 1944) ^ with wrighti Vargas, Martinez, 

 and Diaz (1944), and diasi De Leon (1944) with aureiim (Fries) 

 (1824). In 1948 Vargas and Diaz synonymized guatemalensis De 

 Leon (1944) with jacumhae Dyar and Shannon (1927), and in 195 1 

 Dalmat placed boydi De Leon (1944) in synonymy with haematopo- 

 tmn Malloch (1914). However, since the first three of these syno- 

 nyms were, nevertheless, new records for the country, the actual num- 

 ber of species was brought to 18. In 1948 Vargas and Diaz also 

 placed larvispinosum De Leon in synonymy with carolinae De Leon, 

 but a close study of numerous examples of these species collected at 

 the type locality has demonstrated to the present author that they are 

 definitely distinct. 



Fairchild and Barreda (1946) performed the only studies in control 

 of black-fly larvae in Guatemala reported to date. They were able to 

 control successfully larvae in mountain streams in the region of San 

 Pedro Yepocapa by using an emulsion concentrate of DDT diluted to 

 give 0.1 part per million, dispensed over an hour period. Further 

 studies have since been carried out at the Onchocerciasis Laboratory 

 and will be reported in the future. 



^ Vargas et al. consider the paper of De Leon to have been published in 1945 

 instead of 1944. The former was a separate, using distinct pagination, reprinted 

 from his 1944 publication. However, zvrighti Vargas, Martinez, and Diaz does 

 have priority over vargasi De Leon by virtue of the month of publication. 



