ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT CXVII 



in the possession and under the control of the patriarch, who 

 wields a power never known in savagery. The patriarch now 

 is always chief and priest and the practical owner of the 

 wealth; he thus becomes the master of the destiny of his 

 retainers. A particvilar eflfect is noted in the council. The 

 number of persons who compose the council is g-radually 

 reduced, and these chiefs and councilors are regimented into 

 patriarchies f(ir war and puljlic woi-ks, while instruction falls 

 maiidy into the hands of husbands and fathers, and the wife is 

 no longer controlled b}' her clansmen, for she is no longer 

 imder their protection. Thus the husband becomes the master 

 of the wife and children. 



In the clan the head is an elderman and is an "luicle" or 

 "great uncle" because kinship is reckoned through females. 

 This is expressed in Indian tongues by the aphorism that "the 

 woman carries the clan," while in barbarism "the man carries 

 the gens." This is the first great revolution in ti'ibal society ac- 

 complished by the consolidation of power in the hands of the 

 few and the orji-anization of the oentile family. The arens is 

 ruled by the patriarch who represents the family in the councils 

 of the tribe and the confederacy and holds all the property- in 

 trust for the gens over which he rules l)y civil law with civil 

 sanction and ecclesiastical law with ecclesiastic sanction. 



In savage society there is n( > written language, hence the laws 

 are classed and expressed in terms of kinship, but in liarbaric 

 society au additional nuiemonic and classific method is devel- 

 oped, whicli must now be delineated; it arises out of ecclesias- 

 tic functions of government and ultimately becomes dominant 

 so as to modify the kinship system. In savagerv the world is 

 divided into regions — the east, west, north, south, zenith, nadir, 

 and center. This is continued in a more highly developed 

 form in l^arbarisni until it finally becomes the dominant system. 

 Sometimes the regions are liut five in number — east, Avest, north, 

 south, and center; but more often the seven regions are 

 recognized. Sometimes the number five, but more commonly 

 the number seven, becomes the sacred number. This division 

 of the world into regions is naturally born in the usages of 

 language and at last becomes as deeply Avoven into society as 



