HOLMES] MATERIALS UTILIZED IN THE ART 21 



(1) fixed works, consisting of structures — mortuary, defensive or other- 

 wise — dwelling sites, stone hearths, pits, cemeteries, quarries, implement 

 shops, and refuse deposits. There are (2) portable works, including 

 implements, utensils, weapons, and articles of dress, ceremony, and 

 diversion. The subject chosen for this paper, the stone implements, 

 includes but a small section of this great field, but nevertheless a most 

 iniiiortuTit one. It will be necessary to deal not only with the things 

 themselves which belong to the second group mentioned, but with their 

 origin and manufacture, leiiding thus to an investigation of the quar- 

 ries aiul w()ikshoi)S, which are fixed remains, and to a study of the 

 industries arising from their operation. 



The materials used by a great group of tribes like that occupying 

 the tidewater country in colonial and ]>recolonial times were numerous, 

 and the forms given them in art were naturally extremely varied, but 

 the visible remains today are confined to a few materials, and conse- 

 quently to ai limited number of forms. The consideration of the.se 

 tangible evidences is of the utmost importance to archeology, and their 

 study leads uaturally to inquiries into the various arts and industries 

 concerned in their production. Besides this, nuicli maybe learned and 

 much more may be surmised with respect to arts and industries of 

 which no material traces remain, and correct inferences may be drawn 

 regarding the customs, habits, and culture of the peoples. 



The nmterials utilized in art were sought and obtained at nuich 

 expense of time and labor, and the industries to which this search 

 gave rise were no doubt of great moment to the people, although little 

 attention has been paid to the subject by students. Clay was used for 

 pottery, and ocher was obtained for ])aint. Vegetal and animal sub- 

 stances also were sought and fully utilized. Stone was most exten- 

 sively used by the priuntive inhabitants of the tidewater region, and 

 on account of its durability it is by far the most important material 

 with which we have to deal in the prehistoric study. \\'& can but con- 

 jecture as to the beginnings and progress of this search. When men 

 first ap])eared they found vast supplies of water-worn stiuu^s suited to 

 immediate use scattered over the country. These, however, did not 

 serve for all classes of needs, and the energetic savages ])enetrated 

 the hills, laid bare the rocky deposits, and little by little acquired a 

 mastery of the geologic resources of the province. 



CHARACTER OF THE STONE IMPLEMENTS 

 MATERIALS AND THEIU DISTRIBUTION 



Stone exists in many varieties, forms, and conditions, which differ 

 greatly in the various sections of the country, thus giving nuu-h diver- 

 sity to the manner of its utilization and to the forms employed in art, 

 and many local peculiarities of art phenomena have arisen. Moreover, 

 the tribes of this region were not fully sedentary and the materials 



