26 STONE IMPLEMENTS [eth.anx. 15 



and tlie inauuer of conducting t licse .ste])S, many observations liave, licen 

 made. The finished objects were often produced at once by carrying 

 tlic work without intcrrii])tioii through all the .stages of i)rogr('.ss. This 

 was true of sjioradic work, where materials were scattered or wliere 

 the iuipleinciit was needed at once; but where materials were jdentifnl 

 and demands not pressing, the workslio])s became factoiies and there 

 was au oi)portunity for, and no doubt a tendency toward, si)ecializatiou 

 of labor. It was more convenient and profitable for certain individuals 

 to give exclusive attention to the separate steps — first, to (piarrying, 

 breaking up the material and selecting jiieces in large numbers: sec- 

 ond, to rougbing-out the blank forms in numbers; and, third, to tbe 

 work of trimming, specializing, and finishing. These three well-defined 

 steps gave rise to separate industries, carried on by tlie same Individ 

 uals at different times or places or by distinct groups of e,\i)erts at 

 convenient times and places. It would seem that the first and second 

 steps, whether performed by one or by two groups of workmen, were 

 generally accomplished on the spot yielding the raw material ; it would 

 be unprotitable to transport masses of material of which nine-tenths 

 would finally have to be consigned to the refuse heap. The blank 

 forms of the articles to be shaped, worked out so far as thoroughly to 

 test the material and its capacity for specialization, were removed from 

 the source of snjjply to be finished when convenient or when need 

 demanded. 



Where dis.seminated materials were utilized, and especially iu cases 

 of immediate need, all the steps were frequently taken and the perfect 

 implement produced at once; but it is observed that in many cases 

 where the material was sparsely scattered as bowlders or nodules over 

 the face of the country, the work of collection and blocking out was 

 first attended to and the hoards of blanks thus i)roduced were trans- 

 ported and stored, subject to final distribution for specialization or use. 



Details of these stei)S iu the art of flaking and the variations in 

 process, resulting from differences in material and in articles designed, 

 will, so far as possible, be given in connection with the investigation 

 of the sites affording the observations. 



As has been indicated, flaking was employed almost exclusively in 

 the production of projectile points, knives, scrapers, perforators (or 

 drills), hand axes or ch()i)i)ers, notched axes, hoes, and picks; it served 

 to aid in roughing out the forms of various articles finished by peck- 

 ing and grinding; these are mortars, pestles or mullers, axes, celts, 

 chisels, pipes, ornaments, and diversional and ceremonial objects. 



BaUeriiKj or perking processes — The acts employed in this class of 

 operations were generally percussive, the imjiact resulting in a bruis- 

 ing and crumbling of minute portions of the surface of the stone. The 

 hammer used was haid and tough, and the stone shaped was suffi- 

 ciently tough practically to preclude fracture by the ordinary blow. 

 No specialized tool was ne(!essary, though such came to be made, the 



