Chapteu II 

 MANUFACTURE OF FLAKED STOXB IMPLEMENTS 



INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT 



The discussion of flaked iiiiplemetits eoinprebends a study of all that 

 pertains to the procuring of flalcable stone by means of search, collec- 

 tion, and quarrying, and of everything pertaining to the manufacture 

 of implements by fracture, as in breaking and in flaking or chip])ing 

 by liercussion or i)ressure; it includes also a classiticatiou and descrip- 

 tive presentation of the finished products and a reference to their 

 respective uses. In the final section the distribution of the raw mate- 

 rials is treated in connection with the study of the distribution of 

 implements. 



It is most convenient in treating this complex subject to begin at 

 once with the study of the great industries of quarrying and manu- 

 facture, taking up the regions studied or the sites examined in approxi- 

 mately the order of their exploration. 



Five materials were extensively used for flaking by the tidewater 

 peoples: quartzite, quartz, rhyolite, jasper, and flint. Several other 

 materials occur less abundantly, among which may be mentioned sand- 

 stone, limestone, slate, argillite, basic; eruptive rocks, iron quartzite, 

 chalcedony, and quartz crystal. Quartzite and quartz were obtained 

 largely in the form of water-worn pebbles and cobbles from the frag- 

 mental deposits of the tidewater region. These materials in this form 

 are closely associated in distribution, and their examination will, in 

 the main, be taken up conjointly. The most extensive deposits of frag- 

 mental quartz and quartzite occur about the head of the tidewater 



Potomac, and their most extensive utilization was confined to the 



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vicinity of Washington. Surface deposits were worked wherever found 

 on the Potomac, James, and other rivers. Rhyolite, argillite, jasper, 

 and tlint were obtained from quarries in the mountains, and to some 

 extent along the rivers in fragments, bowlders, and pebbles. 



The great quarries about Washington will be described and dis- 

 cussed in detail. Most of them were opened in the littoral deposits 

 abounding in pebbles of quartz and quartzite; many others in veins 

 of steatite or soapstone. They may be taken as types of this class of 

 phenomena observed in and about the tidewater province as well as 

 over the whole Atlantic slojje. 



Of the exotic materials — rhyolite, jasper, argillite, flint, etc — rhyolite 

 is by far the most important, and the South mountain quarries of this 



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