HOLMES] PINY BRANCH SHOPS 53 



the quarrymeu should have established a considerable community la 

 the vicinity. A dwelling site is said to have been observed on the level 

 ground, now a meadow, at the head of the ravine, and there are some 

 evidences of j)rimitive dwelling on the terrace overlooking Rock creek 

 west of Mount Pleasant. 



The terrace like spurs bordering the ravine in which the trenches 

 were dug are covered with flakes and broken blades left by the work- 

 men. These are not now in clusters, as must have been the case orig- 

 inally, but are distribnted rather evenly over the surface, as if the 

 growth of forests and other disturbing agencies had been long at work 

 shifting them about. 



The distribution of shoits and shop refuse is shown on the map form- 

 ing plate II. 



Special Feature.s 



the quarry-shop product 



Examination of the phenomena of the quarries and shops is naturally 

 followed by a study of the articles produced in them. This is a sub- 

 ject of the deepest interest, and no pains have been spared to obtain 

 full and wholly reliable determinations. 



At first it was supposed that the rudely tlaked stones found scat- 

 tered over the sites of these quarries were bona-fide implements, and 

 as such they found their way into literature, much speculation having 

 been indulged iu with respect to their age, to their use, and to the 

 grade of culture to which they i)robably pertained. These and similar 

 articles from the surface are still regarded by some as implements, and 

 numerous specimens are still (1894) exhibited as paleolithic implements 

 without any reason save that they somewhat resemble certain rude 

 forms of European paleoliths. 



Viewed in the light of the studies recorded herein, however, the 

 roughly tiaked stones ai'e seen to be not implements at all, but the 

 refuse of implement making, including many rejects or failures which, 

 being partially shaped, indicate or suggest more or less fully the ruder 

 forms of flaked implements used by primitive ])eoples, but which may 

 not have even a remote resemblance to the final form to be made. It 

 was observed that the work on the site was extremely limited in range; 

 that it consisted in reducing the bowlders, or parts of bowlders, by 

 flaking processes to thin leaf-shape blades, which were no doubt 

 intended either for use as simple blades for cutting and scraping, or 

 designed to be specialized, as occasion demanded, into airowpoints, 

 spearheads, perforators, and the like. So simple are the conditions 

 that a dozen specimens may be made to illustrate the entire range of 

 shaping work. 



In plate xvii is shown a series of flaked stones, taken from this site, 

 which includes all the ordinary forms of rejects and epitomizes the 

 full range of shaping operations. Beginning with the bowlder a, from 

 which two chips have been taken, we pass through successive stages of 



