54 STONE IMPLEMENTS (etii.ann.is 



elaboration, reaching the most highly developed forms in A-, /, and m — 

 long leafsliapc blades. Profiles of type specimens representing tliree 

 stage of i)rogress are jdaccd at the right. Tlie upper is the trne 

 turtleback, tlie second tlie double turtleback or incipient blade, and 

 the third the well-advanced blailc. As would be ex])ected, no good 

 examples of tlie fully liiiished (roughed out) bkides were found entire 

 on the site, and illustrations of ajiproxiinately finished woriv had to be 

 selected from broken specimens of whicli both halves happened to be 

 recovered, or from the inany single halves. In nearly all cases these 

 blades have a broad and a pointed end, and an examination of many 

 specimens indicates that these features were generally foreshadowed in 

 the earlier stages of shaping and were kept in view throughout the prog- 

 ress of the work. The blades of most advanced type, represented by 

 broken i)ieces only, vary from 2 to 5 or 6 inches in length, and are gen- 

 erally under 2 inches in width and less than one-half an inch in thick- 

 ness. It was apparently requisite that blades to be accei)table should 

 be measurably straight and symmetric, that they should have an oval 

 lanceolate outline, that they should be within a certain limit of weight, 

 and that the edges should liave a bevel adapted to further elaboration 

 by liaking processes. Only one piece was found thai had certainly 

 been carried beyond this simple stage; in this piece a rude stem had 

 been worked out at the broad end, as in the ordinary spearhead. This 

 specimen (o, plate xviii) was found near the surface of a mass of shop 

 refuse, but was without reasonable doubt part of the original deposit. 

 Two other pieces [b and c) found at considerable depths exhibit slight 

 indications of specialization of form. The specimen shown in d is hardly 

 more than an ordinary failure, rejected on account of too great thick- 

 ness or other eccentricity of shape. 



For the purpose of conveying a clear notion of the nature of the 

 final (|uarry form — the leaf-shape blade — I have brought together in 

 plates XIX, XX, xxi, and xxii a number of the rejects that seem to 

 approach the form striven for by the quarry-shop flaker. Some are 

 entire blades, all of which exhibit more or less palpable defects of 

 form (as judged by the standards made out by a study of the quarry- 

 shop work and by the ordinaiy blades found so identifully on village- 

 sites). Others were broken near the final stage of the shaping, and in 

 numerous cases both pieces were found where they had been dropped 

 by the workman and covered u\) by the accunuilating debris. It will 

 be noticed that nearly all the whole pieces are excessively thick in some 

 part, while some are crooked or defective in outline, and we may con- 

 clude that they were rejected on account of some of these shortcomings. 

 We are, in my judgment, sufficiently warranted in concluding that most 

 of those siiecimeus now in fragments were broken iu vain efforts to 

 reduce the excessive thickness (as in «, plate xx) or to correct some 

 defect in outline. Breakage was liable to take place at any stage of 

 the work, the danger increasing, however, as the form inci-eased in 

 tenuity. 



