5() STONE IMPLEMENTS [f.th.asn.15 



doubt correct wlieie fracture was exceptiouall\ liivoiahlc, but a bowl 

 (Icr (lid abundantly well in yieldinjj a sin};le spcciiricii of tlic class 

 roujilied out on tlie, (]uai ly site. 



In a majority of cases tlie (•(tniplctcd blade retains no trace of the 

 ori^iinal surface of tbe bowlder, as the yreat iuind)cr of bloxxs necessary 

 to obtain the desired shajjc removed it altogether; and in most cases, 

 no doubt, the specimen was reduced to two-thirds or one half of the 

 lenji'th and width of the bowlder. It is probable that the i^rojectile 

 point, li or 2 inches in length, was often tlie entire result of llaking up 

 a bowlder 3 or 4 inches long. 



The various forms of worked stones are distributed throughout the 

 mass of refuse, as would be expected in a quarrj'-sho]). In many cases 

 clusters of Hakes are found, and with them the liMgnients and failures 

 jjroduced during a single sitting or by a series of sittings on the one 

 spot. In /(. plate xxiii, and in a ami /(, ]date xxiv, three pieces are 

 presented, illustrating three stages of progress, the first mentioned 

 specimen belonging between the other two. These were found, with 

 the flakes derived from them, in a small cluster in the first trench.' 

 The large specimen was rejected after having received a few blows from 

 the hammer, the relief of the side flaked remaining too pronounced to 

 warrant continuation of the work; the second piece was broken when 

 both sides had been roughly reduced to approximate contour; while the 

 third example was splintered after having reached almost the requisite 

 thinness and contour. Thus we have, as the result of a few minutes' 

 flaking, a series of forms representing the whole range of quarry-shop 

 shaping operations and extending from the rudest to the most elaborate 

 stage. 



Occasionally we encounter specimens in which the llaking was 

 carried all around the margin of the stone in such a manner as to give 

 a number of steeply sloping facets. These have a close resemblance to 

 what are known as cores, that is, masses of raw material from which 

 flakes have beeu removed to be used ;is knives, etc. It is diflicult to 

 draw^ the line between the steep-faceted failure and the typical core 

 form, as the one shape grades into the other. Four of these core-like 

 pieces, the best and nearly the only specimens collected, are represented 

 in ])late xxv. It is impossible to determine whether or not they are 

 really cores rather than mere failures of the blade maker. Certainly 

 no use was made on the quarry or shop sites of flakes such as would 

 be derived from them, for had such flakes been worked up on the site 

 traces of the operations would have beeu left among the refuse. True, 

 the flakes may have been carried away, as were the blades produced 

 in the ([uarry, to be utilized or specialized elsewhere, but I have not 



'It is quite i)os8ibl(! t liiit by a little careful work all tlie pieces of the bowlders tisod on this spot 

 could li;ivo beeu recovered nnil the ori<;iual form restored by fitting the bits together, hut the true 

 couditiona were so patent that this was not considered essential. In subsequent years such restora. 

 tions ha\'o been made in a ntnnber of cas<'s. and notably by Dr W'. A. Phillips, of Evanston, Illinois, 

 who has in two or Three instances restored the bowlder so fully that each part can bo taken off in the 

 order in wliieii it was tiaked bv the ancient arrow maker of the gravelh' shores of Lake Michigan. 



