58 STONE IMPLEMENTS [kth.ann.15 



this the infeieiui- was readied tbat all unbroken blades nf tlii.s class 

 were carried away. It would ai)]>ear. also, tliat of the shaped stones no 

 other varieties were carried away, since no otlier variety is without a 

 full iiercentajre of unbroken s]iecimens, the jtresence of these in the 

 refuse bcinji sufficient evidence that they were not desired oi' removed 

 froiii the site. 



The (Ictcrniiiiatioii that the leaf shape blade was the exclusive 

 shajK'd product of these great ipiarries is of greater importance than 

 at first ai)i)ears. It affords the key to many of the most ]iiizzling 

 problems of flaked stone art. It settles the status of multitudes of 

 rudely flaked stones formerly of enigmatical status, and enables us to 

 tell the story of the caclie and write for the first time the full history 

 of the countless flaked implements scattered over the land. 



TOOLS USED IN FLAKING 



As has already been indicateil, the flaking tools were probably bowl- 

 ders selected for the ])urpose from the nniltitudeof available examples. 

 Though few were found that .show any considerable evidence of wear, 

 many s])ecimens occur which are more or less battered, ap])arently by 

 u.se. With multitudes of natural hammers of choice shapes and assorted 

 sizes at hand, it was manifestly useless to shape si)ecial tools or to 

 bring in shaped tools from the outside. The scarcity of well-shaped 

 and much- used hammers in this (juarry is a very notable fact, and has 

 been the subject of much speculation. It is found that in other quar- 

 ries, subsequently examined, these objects are very numerous, and this 

 has led to the surmise that possibly hammers made of other material, 

 such as buckhorn, were emi)Ioyed in flaking the bowlders. This, we 

 must admit, is possible, but as the evidence stands today the matter 

 must be left largely to conjecture. 



Processes of Manukacture 



Discussion of the i>rocesses of manufacture, of the destiny of the 

 shaped product, and of other general topics might be left until the 

 other (juarries and shop sites are described, but can as well be taken 

 up here, since the results obtained by a study of this group of qiuirry- 

 shops are repeated in the other cases. 



It has been mentioned elsewhere that the first step, after the removal 

 of the bowlders from the bed by the (luarrymen, was to test them for 

 (piality of material. As a rule, the removal of a single flake, or at most 

 a very few flakes, enabled the ex])ert workman to determine whether or 

 not the stone was reasonably tractable. The selected material was 

 removed to the shop sites, wliere the flaker took up the work. 



The process employed in flaking appears to have been exclusively 

 fracture by free-hand ]>ercussion, the act being a quick, firm stroke, 

 regulated in force by the nature of the resistance to be overcome and 

 by the result desired; no trace or sugge.stion of other Jvind of proced- 

 ure was observed. The bold but unsvmmetric outline of the forms 



