82 STONE IMPLEMENTS [ktii.ass.is 



a tool long enough to jilacc against tlif arm oi- clicst of the <ij)LTator 

 may have been used. In lliis way much additional force could be 

 thrown into the spasmodic movement. Another device, practiced by 

 some tribes, consisted of a notched or forked bone or pincers, which 

 was set upon the sharp edge of the blank and given a sudden twist, 

 thus removing the flake. 



These operations apjdy exchisively to implements of leaf hlade type 

 and to minute forms of other origin. The various ruder and heavier 

 varieties of tools were shaped by percussion exclusively. 



The flaked implements of the province may be arranged in two great 

 groujjs: One consists of small and wellsliai>cd forms, such as knives, 

 drills, scrapers, and projectile points, almost universally employed by 

 the native tribes; the other comprises heavier and ruder tools, gen- 

 erally made on or near the site of intended use, and probably rarely 

 carried about the person or transported to any great distance. The 

 latter class includes bowlders sharpened at one end by removing a few 

 flakes, giving a cutting edge or a pick-like point: bowlders ami other 

 stones, often large, similarly sharpened, and in addition notched at the 

 sides for hafting; as well as quite heavy bowlders, or other compact 

 bits of rock, rudelj- notched for hafting. designed for use probably as 

 hammeis or sledges. A unique group of this class of implements was 

 developed in connection with the quarrying and shaping of steatite. 

 It includes digging tools and picks of large size and often of rude 

 shape, and of cutting tools of chisel-like character, shaped by flaking 

 but often sharpened by grinding. These are fully illustrated in a 

 subsequent chapter. We may also add sledge heads and hammers 

 used for breaking up the rock in rhyolite, jasper, and argillite quarries, 

 and such flaking hammers and other large tools and utensils as are in 

 cases shaped by fracture. 



Implements of the first-mentioned class originated in the quarries 

 and iji scattered shops, and were not easily made, save from material 

 of good flaking qualities; the latter could be made of ordinary surface 

 bowlders and of coarse, inferior stone. The former are almost univer- 

 sally distributed; the latter are found but little beyond the sites yield- 

 ing the raw material. The former are light, thin, and symmetric, and 

 have their genesis mainly through the leaf-shape blade; the latter are 

 heavy, thick, and not necessarily symmetric, and never reach a high 

 degree of elaboration. 



IMPLEMENTS OF LEAF-BLADE GENESIS 

 TYPICAL CHARACTERS 



Perhaps none of the products of aboriginal art are better known than 

 those which maybe grouped under this head and which are referred to 

 as knives, drills, scrapers, and projectile points. Their employment 

 must have been general, as their dissemination is almost universal. 



