HUL.MES] LEAF-BLADE IMPLEMENTS 83 



Tlieir number is beyond estimate. Their most important characteristic 

 is their general sliape, nearly all being referable to origin through the 

 leaf-shape blade. Fill out the outline of almost any specimen, large or 

 small, and the blade form is restored (plate xxxii). As a rule they 

 are thin, a necessary condition for pvojectile points (save the most 

 minute forms, which are merely sharp bits of stone) and a convenience 

 in the case of knives, scrapers, and drills, which were carried more or 

 less about the person. The typical scraper, with one side flat and the 

 other sharply beveled, is an excei)tlon; it is illustrated in plate xxxiii, 

 a. h, c, and is a rare form in this region. Another form oi scraper is- 

 of leaf-blade genesis, as seen in the same plate, e,J\ y, and in /', plate 

 XXXII, which illustrate a prevailing form of scraper made by shai-jjen- 

 ing the broken end of a spearhead. Other exceptions to the rule are 

 minute drills and other points made from bits of angular stone so small 

 and so approximate in shape that systematic shaping was unnecessary. 

 All of the implements of these several classes are designed to be set in 

 handles or in the ends of shafts. 



It is the common practice to speak of spearheads and arrowpoints a.s 

 if they belong to well-distinguished classes, but the line can not be 

 drawn between them with any degree of clearness. The larger forms 

 were, in general, doubtless used as spearheads and the smaller for arrow- 

 points; yet it is probable that a large percentage of specimens of 

 medium size were used in either way as occasion required. These 

 implements were also equally serviceable for other purposes, and any 

 of them may have been hafted and used for cutting, scraping, or dig- 

 ging. The slender-shafted i)erforator or drill, evidently ada])ted to 

 boring stone, wood, bone, and the like, and in numerous cases bearing 

 evidence of use, may also have served at times as a projectile point. 

 The line separating these classes of objects into functional groups is 

 therefore somewhat arbitrary, although convenient for descriptive pur- 

 poses. In presenting illustrations I shall not attempt to separate them 

 fully bj- function or manner of use. It is better to arrange them in 

 grou]is by shape and size. One group may include simple blades of 

 the larger sizes, unspecialized forms, which may have been used for 

 various purposes; a second, the larger stemmed and notched speci- 

 mens which served largely as knives, scrapers, and spearheads; a 

 third, the medium-size specimens, mainly spearheads; a fourth, the 

 smaller varieties, used mainly as arrowpoints; a fifth, drills, and a 

 sixth, scrapers. These groups will be reviewed briefly in the order 

 named, but in presenting the numerous illustrations further on the 

 grouping is based principally on material in order that form genesis and 

 peculiarities due to material may be better indicated. The grouping 

 by shape is made secondary. 



The materials found in this region did nor encourage great elabora- 

 tion. Quartzite was tough and coarse grained ; quartz was extremely 

 brittle. The forms are, therefore, not elaborate and do not compare in 



