86 STONE IMPLEMENTS [ktii. anx. 15 



sha])iii}j wood, and related uses. The most coinmoii type is a short, 

 often rather thick, dis<roid bhide or Hake witli bhiiit end, iieveled by 

 minute liakiiifj- from one side, wliich is usually llat, tlie other side being 

 convex; this gives a keen and sti'ong scrapinj;' edge. This form must 

 have been set in bits of wood or bone after tlie manner of the woman's 

 knife of Arctic peoples. These objects are, as a rule, not of leaf blade 

 genesis. Another variety was often made by sharpening the broken 

 ends of projectile points. Implements of this class are usually of leaf- 

 blade genesis. They were set in handles after the manner of ordinarj' 

 knives, and are notched for that purpose (plate xxxiii, <-^J\ ;/). In three 

 years' work in the tidew^ater region I have not obtained more than two 

 or three well-specialized specimens of each of the (^lasses; other col- 

 lectors, however, have been more fortunate. 



A very few specimens are found of imperfect semilunar shape which 

 may have been liafted as scrapers or knives. Those brought to my 

 attention are so rude that it is not possible to say whether they are 

 designed shapes or only freaks of eccentric flaking. 



LEAF-BLADE IMPLEMENTS GROUPED BY MATERIAL 



For the reason that satisfactory separation of the various classes of 

 leaf-derived implements — knives, scrapers, drills, arrowpoints, and 

 spearheads — can not be made, I have brought together a series of plates 

 and figures illustrating the whole group as developed in the three 

 materials best representing the native work of the region. In each 

 case plates illustrating successive steps in form development of the 

 individual are given, while the other plates and figures are intended 

 to convey an idea of types of form and range of shape and size. 



QUARTZITE IMPLEMENTS 



The quartzite implements here represented arc derived almost wholly 

 from bowlders, and in the main passed through the leaf l)lade stage. 

 The material does not admit of great elaboration or refinement of form. 

 The larger varieties, presumably spearheads, prevail, yet all tyi)es of 

 form known in the whole range of material appear. In numbers the 

 quartzite tools, taking the whole ('hesapeake-Potomac tidewater area, 

 are perhaps inferior to quartz. 



Plate XVII illnsti'ates a series of steps in tln^ individual form devel- 

 opment of the average projectile point, beginning witli the bowlder and 

 passing Ibrwiird to the leaf-shape blade — the extent of tlie (juarry-shop 

 elaboration; and plate xxxiv illustrates the complete morphology of 

 the fully specialized implement of this class. It is not assumed that 

 all or any of the seven or eight specialized specimens passed through 

 exactly the forms indicated by the blades and rejects preceding them, 

 these being selected merely to iiulicate in a general way the course 

 of progress from the raw material to the final forms. The beginnings 



