HOLMES] GROOVING OF IMPLEMENTS 99 



ill another group one lateral edge is straight, being so arranged as to 

 licrniit the wedging of the haft baud. There are specimens, however, 

 varying so far from the type forms as to bridge the gap between types. 

 The specimen seen in a, plate lviii, is flat and rectangular in outline, 

 with encircling groove in the middle; h is similar, but with groove 

 more shallow on one margin, and placed about one-third of the way 

 from the top; c has a wide encircling groove near the top and a nar- 

 rowing toward the point; d has the groove very low on the shaft and 

 the blade is wide at the edge ; c has one straight side for wedge hatting, 

 and a wide projecting shoulder below the groove in the opposite edge; 

 /has the groove bordered by low ridges all around. 



A very good idea of the appearance and range of form of these imple- 

 ments may be gained from the numerous examples brought together iu 

 plate Lix. These specimens belong partly to the National Museum and 

 partly to the collection of Mr \V. H. Phillips. Nearly all are from the 

 village-sites of the Potomac valley. 



MANUFACTURING SHOPS 



Pecked, ground, autl polislied implements were made in lai'ge num- 

 bers by our aboriginal tribes, but not in such abundance as were the 

 flaked tools. They were iu a measure luxuries, requiring time and 

 skill iu manufacture, and serving no. purely utilitarian purpose that 

 could not be served almost as well by the products of pure flaking — a 

 shaping process many times more economical of time and labor than 

 the battering-grinding processes. As a result of this relation of the 

 two great classes of processes, the phenomena of manufacture observed 

 by the archeologist present many decided difiTerences. 



The manufacture of implements in large numbers required abun- 

 dance of material, the deposits of which had to be uncovered and then 

 broken up and removed, and this resulted in the opening of quarries 

 and in the accumulation of large bodies of debris. This is true of the 

 manufacture of flaked and cut-stone implements, as we have seen, but 

 the battered-abraded tool used in limited uumbers usually had a spo- 

 radic or random origin, suitable pieces of stone being picked up and 

 utilized; the amount of the product depended very considerably, no 

 doubt, on the plenitude of convenient pieces of stone. Rarely, there- 

 fore, do we tind sites where the making of these forms was carried on 

 extensively. The phenomena of manufacture by pecking and grind- 

 ing, being scattered, have not been so well understood as the phenom- 

 ena of flaking. 



The variety of stone most used for the manufacture of celts and axes 

 is a compact, greenish-gray trap or trap like rock derived originally from 

 the highlands of Maryland and Virginia, but obtained by the aborigines 

 very largely from the bowlder beds of the tidewater rivers near their 

 exit from the highland or at other points higher up the streams where 

 partly rounded fragments had been deposited iu large numbers. A 



