HOLMES) resumj: 147 



it was dag from the ground: and thereby the (luarryiug industry 

 developed. 



iShapiiKj provcHKi-K — The implements made were of many forms and 

 served a multitude of purposes. Their history divides itself naturally 

 into two sectious, the period of manufacture being sharply separated 

 from the ]>eriod of utilization. The first stage, the full analysis of 

 which is of the utmost importance, is studied to best advantage 

 through the shaping jirocesses employed in manufacture. These pro- 

 cesses were adapted to the kind of material utilized and the luiture of 

 the results desired and are groujied under four heads, as follows: (1) 

 Fracturing processes, (2) battering processes, (3) incising jirocesses, and 

 (4) abrading j)rocesses. 



Fraeturc processes — Of the implements made and used in this prov- 

 iuco peril a])s 90 per cent were shaped by fracture iirocesses. These 

 deal with all brittle stone, and the shaping is attended by constant 

 breakage and failure, so that for each completed form several abortive 

 forms are produced more or less closely resembling some of the simpler 

 varieties of finished implements. This work was carried on all over 

 the large area furnishing the raw material, and the articles made and 

 used were everywhere intimately intermingled with the rejectage of 

 manufacture. So confusing were the conditions that no definite line 

 could be drawn between the two classes of objects. The discovery of 

 quarries in the hills, entirely isolated from sites and phenomena of 

 siJecialization and use, made the separation easy, and led to a correct 

 understanding of what may well be called the moi'pliology of flaked 

 implements. 



Loiclaiiil qnarrics — The great quarries of the lowland were located 

 in the bluffs about the head of tidewater on the Potomac and yielded 

 qnartzite bowlders in vast numbers. These were obtained and par- 

 tially elaborated on the local shop sites. The bowlders were cast out 

 of the pits and a fey^ flakes removed to test the material; the best 

 stone was selected and the desired imiilements ronghed-out by free- 

 hand fracture. The form almost universally sought svas a leaf-shape 

 blade suitable for further elaboration into any of the specialized forms 

 having their genesis through this general form. The blades made — 

 with ])erhaps unshaped flakes and fragments — were carried away, and 

 the soil soon closed over the pits and the vast bodies of shop refuse; 

 and these latter, now lor the first time systematically examined, tell the 

 story of operations and results with absolute certainty and complete 

 uniformity. 



Story of rejcduge and refuse — The debris of the quarry-shops consists 

 of (1) tested and shattered bowlders, (2) flakes, and (3) broken and 

 abortive incipient iinjilements, the last necessarily illustrating all the 

 stej)s of implement develoi)ment from inception to the end of the quarry 

 work. Thinness was an essential feature of the blades made, and 

 failure resulted in a majority of cases from the development of too 



