MCGEEJ IMPLEMENTS AND WEAPONS 171 



Lewis and Clark (1804-1800), they were used for burden and draft ;^ 

 according to the naturalists accompanying" Long's expedition (1819--0), 

 for liesh (eaten ceremonially and on ordinary occasions), draft, bur- 

 den, and the chase,' and according to Prince Maximilian, for food and 

 draft,^ all these functii)ns indicating long familiarity with the canines. 

 Catlin, too, found ''dog's meat . . . the most honorable food that 

 can be presented to a stranger;-' it was eaten ceremonially and on 

 important occasions.^ Moreover, the terms used for the dog and his 

 harness are ancient and even archaic, and some of the most important 

 ceremonials were connected with this animal,-^ implying long-continued 

 association. Casual references indicate that some of the tribes lived 

 in mutual tolerance with several birds^' and mammals not yet domes- 

 ticated (indeed the butialo may be said to have been in this condition), 

 so that the people were at the threshold of zooculture. 



The chief implements and weapons were of stone, wood, bone, horn, 

 and antler. According to Carver, the " Xadowessie " were skillful bow- 

 men, using also the "casse-tete"'^ or warclub, and a flint scalping- 

 knife. Catlin was impressed with the shortness of the bows used 

 by the prairie tribes, though among the southwestern tribes they were 

 longer. Many of the Siouan Indians used the lance, javelin, or spear. 

 The domestic utensils were scant and simple, as became wanderers 

 and fighters, wood being the common material, though crude pottery 



*Coue8, "History of the Expedition," op. cit.. vol. i, p. 140. A note adds, "The dogs are not large, 



much resemble a wolf, aud will haul about 70 pounds each." 



sXarrativeof an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's Kiver . . . under the Command of Stephen 

 H. Lniig, V. S. T. E.,by William H. Keating; London, 1825, vol. i. p. 451 ; vol. ir, p.44,et al. Account 

 of an Expedition from Pittsburj,')! to the Rocky Mountains . . . underthe Command of Major S. H. 

 Long. 0. S. T. E..by Edwin James; London. 1823, vol. i, pp. 155. 182, et al. 



Say remarks (James, loc. cit., p. 155) of the coyote { ?), " This animal ... is probably the origi- 

 nal of the domestic dog, so common in the villages of the Indians of this region [about Council Blufla 

 and Omaha], some of thf? varieties of which still retain much of the habit aud manners of this 

 apecies." James says {loc. cit., vol. ii. p. 13). " The dogs of the Konzas are generally of a mixed breed, 

 between our <logs with pendent ears and the native dogs, whose ears are universally erect. The 

 Indians of this nation seek every opportunity to cross the breed. These mongrel dogs are less com- 

 mon with the Omawhaws, while the dogs of the Pawnees generally have preserved their original 

 form.'' 



^Travels in the Interior of Xorth America; London, 1843. The Prince adds, "In shape they differ 

 very little from the wolf, and are equally large and strong. Some are of the real wolf color; others 

 are black, white, or spotted with black and white, and diflering only hy the tail being rather more 

 turned up. Their voice i.s not a proiier harking, but a howl like that of the wolf, and th^-v partly 

 descend from wolves, which approach the Indian huts, even in the daytime, and mix with the dogs'' 

 (cf. p. 203 et al.). Writing at the Maudan village, he says, "TheMandansaud Manitaries have not, by 

 any means, so many dogs as the Assiniboin, Crows, and Blackfeet. Tlu'y are rarely of true wolt 

 color, but generally black or white, or else resemble the wolf, but here the^ are more like the prairie 

 wolf ( Can is lat rains). We likewise found among these animals a brown race, descended from Europeau 

 pointers; hence the genuine bark of the dog is more frequently heard here, whereas among the western 

 nations they only howl. The Indian dogs are worked very hard, have hard blows and hard fare; in 

 fact, they are treated just as this fine animal is treated among tbe Esquimaux" (p. 345). 



^"Letters and Xotes," etc, vol. i, p. 14; cf. p. 230 et al. He speaks (p. 201) of the Minitari canines 

 as "semiloup dog.s and whelps. " 



'Keating'a "Narrative," op. cit., vol. ii, p. 452; James' "Account," op. cit., vol. i, p. 127 et al. 



^According to Prince Maximilian, both tbe Mamlan aud Minitari kept owls in their lodges and 

 regarded them as soothsayers ("Travels," op. cit.. pp. 383, 403), and the eagle was apparently tolerated 

 for the sake of his feathers. 



'"Caasa Tate, the antient tomahawk " on the plate illustrating the objects (" Travels," op. cit., pi. 

 4, p. 298). 



jLo^ 



