ALPUABET 



a, as in father. 



'a, au iuitiallv exploded a. 



5, as in what, or as o in not, 



'S, an initially exploded ri. 



ii, as in hat. 



c, as ah in she. See s. 



0, a medial «/i, a Bonaut-snrd. 



6 (Dakota letter), as ch in church. 



y., as (/i in thin. 



fl, a medial (.', sonant-surd. 



If, as /?( iu the. 



e, as in Ihei/. 



'e, an initially exploded e. 



e, as in f/e<. 



'e, an initially expl<)d<d e. 



g, as in go. 



g (in Dakota), ffh. See x. 



q (in Osage), an h after a pure or nasal- 

 ized vowel, expelled through the mouth 

 •with the lips wide apart. 



li (in Dakota), Wi, etc. See q. 



i, as iu machine. 



'i, au initially exploded i. 



1, as in pin. 



j, as .; in a:ur<\ or as / iu tlie French 



Jacques. 

 jj, a medial k, :i sonant-surd. 

 k', an exploded k. See next letter. 

 k (iu Dakota), an exploded k. 

 m(iuKansa), a medial m, a sound between 



m and b. 



ij (in Dakota), after a vowel has the sound 

 of n in the French bon. See ". 



fi, as ng in sing. 



hn, its initial sound is expelled from the 

 nostrils and is scarcely heard. 



0, as in no. 



'o, an initially exploded o. 



d, a medial b or p, a sonant-surd. 



p', an exploded p. 



(J, as German ch in ach. See li. 



s, a medial z or s, a sonant-surd. 



8 (in Dakota), as sh iu nhe. See c. 



1, a medial d or t, a sonanl-surd. 

 t ', an exjiloded t. 



u, as 00 in tool. 



'a, an initially exploded u. 



u, as 00 in foot. 



n, a sound between o aud u. 



ii, as in German kiihl, mUss. 



X, gh, or nearly the Arabic ghain. .See g. 



z (in Dakota), as : in ario-c See j. 



dj, Via j in judge. 



tc, as ch in church. See e. 



tc', an exploded tc. 



}D, a medial tc, a sonant— unl. 



ts', an exiiloded ts. 



%%, a medial ts, a sonant-surd. 



ai, as in aisle. 



au, as ow in how. 



yvi, as H in tune, or ew \\\f<u\ 



The following have the ordinary English souiul.s: b, d, h, k, 1, iii. n, 

 p, r, s, t, w, y, and z. A superior n (") after a vowel (compare the Da- 

 kota ij) has the sound of the French n in hon, rin, etc. A plus sign (-f ) 

 after any letter prolongs it. 



The vowels 'a, 'e, 'i, 'o, 'u, and their modifications are styled initially 

 exploded vowels for want of a better appellation, there being in each 

 case an initial explosion. These vowels are approximately or partially 

 pectoral sounds found in tlie Siouan languages and also in some of the 

 languages of western Oregon and in the language of the Ilawaiiau 

 islands. 

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