214 SIOUAN SOCIOLOGY [kth.a.vn.15 



Tin- Icjiislative. executive, and jiidieative functions liave not been 

 Uillcrentiatcd in Indian society as found among tlie iSiouan groups. 

 Two tendencies or processes of opposite character have been observed 

 among the tribes, viz, consolidation and segregation. The effects of 

 consolidation are conspicuous among the Omaha, Kan.sa, Osage, and 

 Oto, while segregation has affected the social organization among the 

 Kansa, Ponka, and Teton. There have been instances of emigration 

 from one tribe to another of the same linguistic family ; and among the 

 Dakota new gentes have been formed by the iwloption into the tribe of 

 foreigners, i. e., those of a different stock. 



Two classes of organization are found in the constitution of the 

 state, viz, (1) major <n'ganizations, which relate directly to government, 

 and {-') minor organizations, which relate only indirectly to govern- 

 ment. The former embraces the state functionaries, the latter com- 

 prises corporations. 



Although the state functionaries are not clearly differentiated, three 

 classes of such men have been recognized: chiefs, policemen or sol- 

 diers, and young men or " the common ]>eople." The chiefs are the 

 civil and religious leaders of the masses; the policemen are the serv- 

 ants of the chiefs; the young men are such as have not distinguished 

 themselves in war or in any other way. These last have no voice in 

 the assembly, which is composed of the chiefs alone. Among the 

 Omaha there is no military class, yet there is a war element which is 

 regulated by the Elk gens. The <|'ixi(la gens and part of the Nika- 

 (iajna gens of the Ponka tribe are considered to be the warriors of the 

 tribe, though members of other gentes have participated in war. In 

 the Kansa tribe two gentes, the Large Haiigai and the Small Hanga, 

 form the phratry connected with war, though warriors did not neces- 

 sarily belong to those gentes alone. In the Osage camping circle all 

 the gentes on the right side are war gentes, but the first and second, 

 reckoning from the van, are the soldiers or policemen; while all the 

 gentes camping on the left are associated with peace, though their tirst 

 and second gentes, reckoning from the van, are policemen or soldiers. 

 Among the Omaha both officers and warriors must be taken from the 

 class of "young men,"' as the chiefs are afraid to act as h'aders in war; 

 and among both the Omaha and the Ponka the chiefs, Ix'ing the civil 

 and religious leaders of the i)eople, can not serve as captains, or even 

 as members, of an ordinary war party, though they may fight when 

 the whole tribe engages in war. Among the Dakota, however, chiefs 

 have led in time of war. 



Corporations among the Siouan tribes are minor organizations, indi- 

 rectly related to the government, thougfi they do not constitute a ])art 

 of it. The Omaha, for instanc-e, and ])crhaps other tribes of the family, 

 are organized into certain societies for religious, industrial, and other 

 ends. There are two kinds of societies, the brotherhoods and the 

 feasting organizations. The former are the dancing societies, to some 

 of which the physicians belong. 



