252 TUSAYAN KATGINAS [ktii. a.nn.15 



At the ])rc'S('nt sta.up of my reseaiclies it would be too early to write 

 such an aeroiiut ol' the ceieiiionial calendar of tli('Tii.sayan villa^;ers,l)iit 

 it lias been deemed well to put on record, with many new observations, 

 this iireliininary outline of what may be a i)ortion of a general system, 

 to aid other invcstifiators in kindred fields of study. When 1 began my 

 work, four years ago, the task of bringing order out of what ai)])eared 

 to be a hopeless confusion seemed well-nigh imi)ossible, but as one cere- 

 mony after another was studied it was found that the exactness of 

 the litual as exemplified in ceremonial ]>rcs('ntati()ns pertained even to 

 details, and that there was a logical connection running throughout 

 all the religious observances of the Tusayan Indians, the presentations 

 of which were practically littli^ influenced by white races witli whom 

 tlic pcoj)]!^ had been brought in contact. As these ceremonials were 

 studied more sympathetically I discovered a unity throughout them 

 winch, whatever their origin may have been, jdaced them in marked (con- 

 trast to those of the nomads by whom they were surrounded. They 

 were found to belong to a type or ceremonial area in which the other 

 Pueblos are embraced, the aflinities of which carry us into diderent 

 geograjjhic regions of the American continent. 



But while this type ditt'ers or differed in ancient times from those of 

 Athapascan or Slioshonean aborigines, it bears evidence of a comi)osite 

 nature. It had become so by contril)utions from many sources, and 

 had in turn left its imjiress on other areas, so that as a type the Pueblo 

 culture was tlie only one of its kind in aboriginal America. With 

 strong affinities on all sides it was unique, having nearest kinship with 

 those of jNIexico and Central America. 



The geographic extension of the Pueblo type of culture was no 

 doubt formerly much greater than it is at the present time. What its 

 original boundaries were future investigation will no doubt help us to 

 decide, but the problem at i)resent before us is the determination of its 

 characteristics as a survival in our times. When once this is satis- 

 fjictorily known, and not until then, can we advance with confidence 

 to wider generalizations as to its past distribution and offer theories 

 regarding its affinities witli other ceremonial areas of the American 

 race. 



It is doubtless true that we are not progres.sing beyond what can be 

 claimed to be known when we say that all the Pueblo peoples belong 

 to the same ceremonial type. T am sure that in ])rehistoric and historic; 

 times delegations from the; ivio (irande country have settled among 

 the Tusayan villagers, and that many families of the latter have 

 migrated back to the liio Grande again to make permanent homes in 

 that section. The most western and the most eastern peoples of this 

 Pueblo culture-stock have been repeatedly united in marriage, bringing 

 about a consequent commingling of blood, and the legends of both tell 

 of their common character. It i.s too early in research to inject into sci- 

 ence the idea that the Pueblos are modified Indians of other stocks, and 



