258 Tl'SAYAN KATCINAS [khi ann. 15 



In eiuleavoiiii!; to lind some reason for the similarity of immes iu the 

 two groups of months wliicli compose tLe ceremonial year 1 have this 

 interostinfi' hint, dropped by one of the priests: "When we of the 

 njiiicr world,"' he said, "are ci'lcbratinj^ the winter Pa moon tlic ])eoi)le 

 of the under world are engaged in the observance of the Snake or 

 Flute, and vice versa." The ceremonials in tlie two worlds are syn- 

 chronous. "That is the reason," said my informant, "that we make 

 the Snake or Flute i)ahos during the winter season, although the (hmee 

 is not celebrated until the corresponding month of the following 



MEANS OF DETERMINING THE TIME FOR CEREMONIALS 



Among the Hopi Indians there are priests (tawawympkiyas) skilled 

 in the lore of the sun, who determine, by observations of the points on 

 the horizon, where the sun rises or sets, the time of the year proper for 

 religious ceremonials. Two of these points are called sun houses, one 

 at tiityiika," which is called the sun house (tdwaki) par excellence, 

 another at kwiniwi, which also is called tawaki, or sun house. 



The i)oints on the horizon used in the determination of ceremonial 

 events are as follows : 



1. Tiiwaki (hiitca, opening). The horizon point properly called 

 savwuwee marks the cardinal point tatyiika or place of sunrise at the 

 winter solstice. The winter ceremony Soy^luna is determined not by 

 sunrise, but by sunset, although, as a general thing, the time of summer 

 ceremonials is determined by observations of sunrise. 



2. Miisnamiizrii (miisi, drab or gray; namiizrii, wooded ridge). This 

 point is the ridge or crest of the mesa, east of Piip'ce. 



3. Paviiil'tcomo (paviin', young corn; tcomo, mound). A point on 

 the old wagon trail to Fort Defiance, a little beyond the head of Keams 

 canyon. 



4. Houwitcomo (derivation obscure; houwi, erect). 



5. Niiviiktcomo (niivAk, snow ; tcomo, mound). When the stiu reaches 

 here on its northern journey the Honani or Badger people plant corn; 

 the other Hopi people plant melons, S(iuashes, and gourds. 



6. Piilhomotaka (piilii, round, hump; homo, obscure; tiika, man; 

 possibly many hump back men). When the sun reaches here the P;itki 



'From their many stories of the under world I am led to believe that the Hopi consider it a counter- 

 part of tltf earth's surface, and a repion inhabited by sentient Ijeini^s. In this under world the seasons 

 alternate with tliose in tlie upper world, and when it is snminer in the above it is winter in the world 

 below, and vice versa. Moreover, ceremonies are said to be performed there as iiere, and frequent 

 references are made to their character. It is believetl that these cerenionits somewhat resemble each 

 other and ar(* coniplemc-ntal. In their cultus of the dead the underworld is alsi» regarded as the abode 

 of th(^ ''breatli-body " of Ihe deceased, who enter it throiijih a slpapu, often sitoUen of as a laUi-. I 

 have not, detected that they dilferenliatc this world into two rejiions, tin- abode of the blessed and that 

 of the damned. 



-The lYiwaki of tatyiika is the sun house. There is no sun house at hopoko nor at tevyufia. The 

 names of the four horizon cardinal jioints are, kwiniwi, northwest; tevyii'ija, southwest; tatyiika, 

 southeast, and hopokyiika (syncopated hopoko), northeast. 



