MINDELEFF] FIRST STEPS IN HOGAN BUILDING 491 
In the large hogaéns mentioned a crowd of workers are engaged in 
the construction and ropes and other mechanical aids are employed 
to lift the heavy timbers of the frame in position. 
At this stage in the construction the house shows only the three 
principal timbers of the frame, securely locked at the apex by the 
interlacing forks (as shown in figure 231) and firmly planted in the 
ground. The two doorway timbers are next placed in position, with 
their smaller ends resting on the forked apex of tue frame, from 14 to 2 
feet apart, and with the butt ends resting on the ground about 34 feet 
apart. The whole frame, comprising five timbers, is known as ts<¢t, 
but each timber has its own specific name, as follows: 
South timber, cagad¢e naat. 
West timber, iyiyd¢e naat. 
North timber, ndqokos¢e naat. 
Doorway timbers (two), tetyéginge naat. 
The appearance of the frame as seen from below is shown in figure 231. 
Fia. 231—Frame of a hogin, seen from below 
These names afford a good illustration of the involved nomenclature 
which characterizes Indian languages. Naat means a long, straight 
object, like a piece of timber. The first word in each of the terms above 
is the name of the cardinal point, the place it occupies (south, west, 
and north), with the suffix ¢e, meaning “here” or “brought here.” 
The same words are used with the suffix dje, instead of ¢e, as ca¢addje 
naat for the north timber, dje meaning ‘‘there” or ‘set there.” The 
west timber is also specially designated as bigidje nabkdd, “ brought 
