MINDELEFF] DOORWAYS AND ROOF COVERING 493 
short stick is placed horizontally across the doorway timbers at a point 
about 34 feet below the apex, at the level of and parallel with the cross- 
stick of the door-frame. The space between this cross-stick and the 
apex is left open to form an exit for the smoke. Sometimes when the 
hogan is unbearably smoky a rough chimney-like structure, consisting 
of a rude cribwork, is placed about this smoke hole. Such a structure 
is shown in plate LXXXIII. 
The doorway always has a flat roof formed of straight limbs or split 
poles laid closely together, with one end resting on the crosspiece which 
forms the base of the smoke hole ard the other end on the crosspiece 
of the door-frame. The whole doorway structure projects trom the slop- 
ing side of the hogan, much like adormer window. Sometimes the door- 
way roof is formed by a straight pole on each side of the smoke hole 
crosspiece to the crosspiece of the door-frame, supporting short sticks 
laid across and closely together with their ends resting on the two poles. 
This style of doorway is Shown in plate LXXXIv. 
The sides of the projecting doorway—that is, the spaces between the 
‘roof and the sloping doorway timbers—are filled in with small sticks of 
the required length. Sometimes the ends of these sticks are bound in 
place with twigs of yucca, being made fast to the door-frame, but gener- 
ally they are merely set in or made to rest against the outer roof coy- 
ering. Usually the larger timbers are roughly dressed on the sides 
toward the interior of the hut, and the smaller poles also are stripped 
of bark and rough hewn. 
The entire structure is next covered with cedar bark; all the inter- 
stices are filled with it, and an upper or final layer is spread with some 
regularity and smoothness. Earth is then thrown on from base to 
apex to a thickness of about six inches, but enough is put on to make 
the hut perfectly wind and water proof. This operation finishes the 
house, and usually there are enough volunteers to complete the work 
in a day. 
It is customary to make a kind of recess on the western side of the hut 
by setting out the base of the poles next to the west timber some 8 to 
15 inches beyond the line. “This arrangement is usually placed next 
to and on the south#side of the west timber, and all the poles for a 
distance of 3 or 4 feet are set out. The offset thus formed is called the 
‘“‘mask recess,” and when a religious ceremony is performed in the 
hogan, the shaman or medicine-man hangs a skin or cloth before it and 
deposits there his masks and fetiches. This recess, of greater or less 
dimensions, is made in every large hogan, but in many of the smaller 
ones it is omitted. Its position and general character are shown in 
the ground plan, plate xc. In the construction of a hogan all the pro- 
ceedings are conducted on a definite, predetermined plan, and the 
order sketched above is that ordinarily followed, but nothing of a cere- 
monial nature is introduced until after the conclusion of the work of 
construction. 
