MINDELEFF | SITES FOR SUMMER SHELTERS 495 
From these rude makeshift types there is an unbroken range up to 
the standard winter hut, which also meets the requirements of a summer 
house, being as comfortable in warm weather as it is in cold weather. 
The kind of house which a man builds depends almost entirely on the 
purposes which it is to serve and very little on the man or his cireum- 
stances. The houses of the richest man in the tribe and of the poorest 
would be identical unless, as often happens in modern times, the former 
has a desire to imitate the whites and builds’a regular house of stone 
or logs. If, however, a man builds a summer place to which he intends 
to return year after year, and such is the usual custom, he usually 
erects a fairly substantial structure, a kind of half hogan, or house 
with the front part omitted. If it is possible to do so he locates this 
shelter on a low hill overlooking the fields which he cultivates. The 
restriction which requires that the opening or doorway of a regular 
hogan shall invariably face the east does not apply to these shelters; 
they face in any direc- 
tion, but usually they 
. are so placed as to face 
away from the preyail- 
ing wind, and, if pos- 
sible, toward the fields 
or farms. 
Figure 233isa ground 
plan of a shelter of this 
type, which is shown & 
also in plate LXXXy. aa 
The effect is that of a ¢ : 
half hogan of the reg- Sie 
ular type, but with a c sow2 
short upright timber in 
place of the usual north 
piece. The example shown is built on a somewhat sloping site, and the 
greund inside has been slightly excavated, but on the front the floor 
reaches the general level of the ground. The principal timbers are 
forked together at the apex, but not strictly according to rule. The 
structure is also covered with earth in the regular way, and altogether 
appears to occupy an intermediate position between the summer shelter 
and the winter hut. It is a type which is common in the mountain dis- 
tricts and in those places where a semipermanent shelter is needed, 
and to which the family returns year after year. 
The supporting post in front in this case was so short that the use 
of its fork would have made the roof too low. To overcome this the 
side beams were not laid directly in the fork, but a tablet or short piece 
of wood was inserted, as shown in figure 234, and the timbers rest on 
this. The entrance or open front faced to the northwest, and to pro- 
tect it from the evening sun a temporary shelter of pinon brush was 
Fia, 233—Ground plan of a summer shelter 
