MINDELEFF] ORIGIN OF INTERIOR BENCHES A497 
were used as a support for rafters, in the manner shown in figure 237, 
and additional space were sought by excavation, the form shown in the 
illustration would be retained, for the construction would be seriously 
weakened if the rude stonework were placed directly on the edge of 
the excavation. Possibly this practice has some bearing on the Pue- 
blo requirement that the kivas should be at least partly excavated, a 
i 
Fia. 236—Section of a summer hut 
requirement still rigidly adhered to. The conservatism of the Indian 
mind in matters connected with their ceremonials is well known, and 
forms and practices long abandoned in ordinary house construction 
still survive in the building of the kivas. 
Plate LXxxvI shows a shelter somewhat resembling that last de- 
seribed, but of more simple construction. Here the main crosspiece 
which forms the front of 
the shelter is supported 
by forked upright tim- 
bers, as in the previous 
example, and here also 
the fork of the main up- 
right is too large and has 
been filled in. 
Aside from the types 
described, which illus- 
trate the more common 
forms of summer shelters, all kinds and degrees of variation are found. 
As they, unlike the regular hogan, do not follow any rule or precedent, 
their form depends largely on the facilities or the particular require- 
ments or abilities of the builder. Figure 238 shows a shelter in the moun- 
tains, where timber is abundant. Except that it is not covered with 
earth and has no door-frame, it might be classed as a regular hogan. 
17 ETH, PT 2 3 
Fic. 237—Masonry support for rafters 
