FEWKES] SOUTHERN ORIGIN OF HOPI CLANS 531 
attempted. There was, in other words, a break in the almost continuous 
series of ruins from Tusayan as far south as the Gila. Ruined towns 
had been reported as existing not far southward from San Francisco 
mountains,' and from there by easy stages the abodes of a former race 
had been detected at intervals all the way to the Tusayan pueblos. 
At either end the chain of ruins between the Tusayan towns and the 
Gila ruins was unbroken, but middle links were wanting. All condi 
tions imply former habitations in this untrodden hiatus, the region 
between the Verde and the Tusayan series, ending near the present 
town of Flagstaff, Arizona; but southward from that town the country 
was broken and impassable, a land where the foot of the archeologist 
had not trodden. Remains of human habitations had, however, been 
reported by ranchmen, but these reports were vague and unsatisfac- 
tory. So far as they went they confirmed my suspicions, and there 
were other significant facts looking the same way. The color of the 
red cliffs fulfilled the Tusayan tradition of Palatkwabi, or their former 
home in the far south. Led by all these considerations, before I took to 
the field Thad long been convinced that this must have been one of the 
homes of certain Hopi clans, and when the occasion presented itself I 
determined to follow the northward extension of the ancient people of 
the Verde into these rugged rocks, 3y my discoveries in this region 
of ruins indicative of dwellings of great size in ancient times I have 
Supplied the missing links in the chain of ancient dwellings extending 
from the great towns of the Gila to the ruins west of the modern 
Tusayan towns. If this line of ruins, continuous from Gila valley to 
Tusayan and beyond, be taken in connection with legends ascribing 
Casa Grande to the Hopi and those of certain Tusayan clans which 
tell of the homes of their ancestors in the south, a plausible explana- 
tion is offered for the many similarities between two apparently widely 
different peoples, and the theory of a kinship between southern and 
northern sedentary tribes of Arizona does not seem as unlikely as it 
might otherwise appear. 
The reader will notice that I accept without question the belief that 
the so-called cliff dwellers were not a distinct people, but a specially 
adaptive condition of life of a race whose place of habitation was deter- 
mined by its environment. We are considering a people who some- 
times built dwellings in caverns and sometimes in the plains, but often 
in both places at the same epoch. Moreover, as long ago pointed out 
by other students, the existing Pueblo Indians are descendants of a 
people who at times lived in cliffs, and some of the Tusayan clans have 
inhabited true cliff houses in the historic period. By intermarriage with 
nomadic races and from other causes the character of Pueblo consan- 
guinity is no doubt somewhat different from that of their ancient kin, 
but the character of the culture, as shown by a comparison of clift- 
house and modern objects, has not greatly changed. 
1See mention of cliff houses in Walnut canyon in the Fifth Annual Report of the Bureauof Ethnology. 
