FEWKES] RUINS NEAR SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS 533 
made of sandstone and limestone. At about 25 miles north of the 
mountains mentioned they discovered a small voleanic cone of cinders 
and basalt, which was formerly the site of a village or pueblo built 
around a crater, and estimated that this little pueblo contained 60 or 
70 rooms, with a plaza occupying one-third of an acre of surface.! 
Twelve miles eastward from San Francisco mountains they found 
another cinder cone resembling a dome, and on its southern slope, in 
a coherent cinder mass, were many chambers, of which one hundred 
and fifty are said to have been excavated. They mention the existence 
on the summit of this cone of a plaza inelosed by a rude wall of vol- 
canic cinders, with a carefully leveled floor. The former inhabitants of 
these rooms apparently lived in underground chambers hewn from the 
voleanic formation. Highteen miles farther eastward was another 
ruined village built about the crater of a volcanic cone. Several vil- 
lages were discovered in this locality and many natural caves which 
had been utilized as dwellings by inclosing them in front with walls of 
voleanic rocks and cinders. These cavate rooms were arranged tier 
above tier in a very irregular way. 
At this place three distinct kinds of ruins were found—cliff villages, 
cave dwellings, and pueblos. Eight miles southeastward from Flag- 
staff, in Oak creek canyon, a cliff house of several hundred rooms was 
discovered. It was concluded that all these ruins were abandoned 
at a comparatively recent date, or not more than three or four centuries 
ago, and the Havasupai Indians of Cataract canyon were regarded as 
descendants of the former inhabitants of these villages. The situa- 
tion of some of these ruins and the published descriptions would 
indicate that some of them were similar to those described and figured 
by Sitgreaves,? to which reference has already been made. 
In 1896 two amateur explorers, George Campbell and Everett Howell, 
of Ilagstaff, reported that they had found, about eighteen miles from 
that place, several well-preserved cliff towns and a remarkable tunnel 
excavation. The whole region in the immediate neighborhood of San 
Francisco mountains appears, therefore, to have been populated in 
ancient times by an agricultural people, and legends ascribe scme of 
these ruins to ancestors of the Hopi Indians. 
There are several ruins due south of Tusayan which have not been 
investigated, but which would furnish important contributions to a 
study of Hopi migrations. Near Saint Johns, Arizona, likewise, there 
are ruins of considerable size, possibly referable to the Cibolan series; 
and south of Holbrook, which lies about due south of Walpi, there are 
ruins, the pottery from which I have examined and found to be of the 
black-and-white ware typical of the Cliff people. Perhaps, however, 
no ruined pueblo presents more interesting problems than the magnifi- 
cent Pueblo Grande or Kintiel, about 20 miles north of Navaho Springs. 
‘Smithsonian Report, 1883; Report of Major Powell, Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 57 et 
seq. Explorations in the Southwest, ibid., 1886, p. 52 et seq. 
* Report of an Expedition down the Zuni and Colorado rivers; Washington, 1853. 
