FEWKES] AWATOBI AND SIKYATKI 535 
people were as great here as at any point in the Verde valley and that 
their culture was similar, I continued the work with an examination of 
the ruins north of the Red-rocks, where there is substantial evidence 
that these were likewise of the same general character. 
The last two months of the summer, July and August, 1895, were 
devoted to explorations of two Tusayan ruins, called Awatobi and 
Sikyatki. In this work, apparently unconnected with that already 
outlined, I still had in mind the light to be shed on the problem of 
Tusayan origin. The question which presented itself was: How are 
these ruins related to the modern pueblos? Awatobi was a historic 
ruin, destroyed in 1700, and therefore somewhat influenced by the 
Spaniards. Many of the survivors became amalgamated with pueblos 
still inhabited. Its kinship with the surviving villagers was clear. 
Sikyatki, however, was overthrown in prehistoric times, and at its 
destruction part of its people went to Awatobi. Its culture was pre- 
historic. The discovery of what these two ruins teach, by bringing 
prehistoric Tusayan culture down to the present time and comparing 
them with the ruins of Verde valley and southern Arizona, is of great 
archeological interest. 
While engaged in preparing this report, having in fact written most 
of it, | received Mr Cosmos Mindeleff’s valuable article on the Verde 
ruins,! in which special attention is given to the cavate lodges and 
villages of this interesting valley. This contribution anticipates many 
of my observations on these two groups of aboriginal habitations, and 
renders it unnecessary to describe them in the detailed manner I had 
planned. I shall therefore touch but briefly on these ruins, paying 
special attention to the cliff houses-of Verde vailey, situated in the 
Red-rock country. This variety of dwelling was overlooked in both 
Mearns’ and Mindeleff’s classifications, from the fact that it seems to 
be confined to the region of the valley characterized by the red-rock 
formation, which appears not to have been explored by them. The 
close resemblance of these cliff houses to those of the region north of 
Tusayan is instructive, in view of the ground, well taken, I believe, 
by Mr Mindeleff, that there is a close likeness between the Verde ruins 
and those farther north, especially in Tusayan. 
1 Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. 
