FEWKES] TYPES OF VERDE VALLEY RUINS 537 
In Verde valley, villages, cliff houses, and cavate dwellings exist 
together, and were, I believe, contemporaneously inhabited by a people 
of the same culture. 
These types of ancient habitations are not believed to stand in the 
relationship of sequence in development; nor is one simpler or less 
difficult of construction than the others. Cliff houses display no less 
skill and daring than do the villages in the plain, called pueblos. The 
cavate dwellings are likewise a form of habitation which shows consid- 
erable workmanship, and are far from caves like those inhabited by 
“eave men.” These dwellings were laboriously excavated with rude 
implements; had floors, banquettes, windows, walled recesses, and the 
like. It is hardly proper to regard them as less difficult to construct 
than pueblos or cliff houses. 
Cavate dwellings, like villages or cliff houses, may be single or mul- 
tiple, single or many chambered, and a cluster of these troglodytic 
dwellings was, in fact, as truly a village as a pueblo or cliff house. 
The same principle of seeking safety by crowding together held in all 
three instances; and this very naturally, for the culture of the inhabi- 
tants was identical. I shall consider only two of the three types of 
dwellings in Verde valley, namely, the second and third groups. —_. 
Tt has, I think, been conclusively shown by Mr Cosmos Mindeleft, so 
far as types of the first group of ruins on the Verde are concerned, 
that they practically do not differ from the modern Tusayan pueblos. 
The remaining types, when rightly interpreted, furnish evidence of 
no Jess important character. Notwithstanding Mindeleff’s excellent 
descriptions of the cavate dwellings of this region, already cited, 1 
have thought it well to bring into prominence certain features which 
seem to me to indicate that this form of aboriginal dwelling was high 
in its development, showing considerable skill in its construction, and 
was fashioned on the same general plan as the others. For this demon- 
stration I have chosen one of the most striking clusters in Verde valley. 
CAVATE DWELLINGS 
The most accessible cavate dwellings in Verde valley (plate xcI a) are 
situated on the left bank of the river, about eight miles southward from 
Camp Verde and three miles from the mouth of Clear creek. The 
general characteristics of this group have been well described by Mr 
Mindeleff in the Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau, so that I 
need but refer toe a few additional observations made on these interest- 
ing habitations.! 
These cavate lodges afford a fair idea of the best known of these 
prehistoric dwellings in this part of Arizona. Although Verde valley 
1Mr Mindeleff’s descriptions deal with the same cluster of cavate ruins here described, but are 
more specially devoted to the more southern section of them, not considering, if I understand him, 
the northern row here described. I had also made extensive studies of the rooms figured by him 
previously to the publication of his article, but as my notes on these rooms are anticipated by his 
excellent memoir I have not considered the rooms described by him, but limited my account to brief 
mention of a neighboring row of chambers not described in his report. 
