548 EXPEDITION TO ARIZONA IN 1895 [ETH. ANN. 17 
their number have visited Verde valley, and they claim the ruins there 
as the homes of their ancestors. It would not be strange, therefore, 
if this marvelous crater was regarded by them as a house of Paliiliikon, 
their mythic Plumed Serpent. 
Practically little is known of the pictography of this part of the 
Verde valley people, although it has an important bearing on the dis- 
tribution of the cliff dwellers of the Southwest. There is evidence of 
at least two kinds of petroglyphs, indicative of two distinct peoples. 
One of these was of the Apache Mohave; the other, the agriculturists 
who built the cliff homes and villages of the plain. Those of the 
latter are almost identical with the work of the Pueblo peoples in 
the cliff dweller stage, from southern Utah and Colorado to the Mexican 
boundary. It is not a difficult task to distinguish the pictography of 
these two peoples, wherever found. The pictographs of the latter are 
generally pecked into the rock with a sharpened implement, probably 
of stone, while those of the former are usually scratched or painted on 
the surface of the rocks. Their main differences, however, are found in 
the character of the designs and the objects represented. _ This difter- 
elce can be described only by considering individual rock drawings, 
but the practiced eye may readily distinguish the two kinds at a glance. 
The pictographs which are pecked in the cliff are, as a rule, older than 
those which are drawn or scratched, and resemble more closely those 
widely spread in the Pueblo area, for if the cliff-house people ever made 
painted pictographs, as there is every reason to believe they did, time 
has long ago obliterated them. 
The pictured rocks (plate xcv11) near Cliff’s ranch, on Beaver creek, 
four miles from Montezuma Well, have a great variety of objects depicted 
upon them. These rocks, which rise from the left bank of the creek 
opposite Cliff's ranch, bear over a hundred different rock pictures, 
figures of which are seen in the accompanying illustration. The rock 
surface is a layer of black malpais, through which the totem signatures 
have been pecked, showing the light stone beneath, and thus rendering 
them very conspicuous. Among these pictographs many familiar forms 
are recognizable, among them being the crane or blue heron, bears’ and 
badgers’ paws, turtles, snakes, antelopes, eartl symbols, spirals, and 
meanders. 
Among these many totems there was an unusual pictograph in the 
form of the figure 8, above which was a bear’s paw accompanied by a 
human figure so common in southwestern rock etchings. A square 
figure with interior parallel squares extending to the center is also 
found, as elsewhere, in cliff-dweller pictography. 
CLIFF HouUSsES OF THE RED-RocKS 
After the road from old Camp Verde to Flagstaff passes a deserted 
cabin at Beaver Head, it winds up a steep hill of lava or malpais to the 
top of the Mogollones. If, instead of ascending this hill, one turns to 
