FEWKES] HONANKI AND PALATKI 55 
boring caves evidently formed shelters for these nomads, as ash pits 
and half-burnt logs would seem toshow. This whole land was a strong- 
hold of the Apache up to a recent date, and from it they were dis- 
lodged, many of the Indians being killed or removed by authority of 
the Government. 
From the geological character of the Red-rocks I was led to suspect 
that cavate dwellings were not to be expected. The stone is hard and 
not readily excavated by the rude implements with which the aborigines 
of the region were supplied. But the remarkable erosion shown in this 
rock elsewhere had formed many deep caverns or caves, with overreach- 
ing roofs, very favorable for the sites of cliff houses. My hurried exam- 
ination confirmed my surmises, for we here found dwellings of this kind, 
so similar to the type best illustrated in Mancos canyon of southern 
Colorado. There were several smoke. blackened caves without walls of 
masonry, but with floors strewn with charred wood, showing Apache 
ecupancy. No cayvate dwellings were found in the section of the Red. 
rocks visited by our party. 
The two largest of the Red-rock cliff houses to which I shall refer 
were named Honanki or Bear-house and Palatki or Red-house. The 
former of these, as I learned from the names scribbled on its walls, 
had previously been visited by white men, but so far as I know it has 
never been mentioned in archeological literature. My attention was 
called to it by Mr Schiirmann, at whose hospitable ranch T outfitted 
for my reconnoissance into the Red-rock country. The smaller ruin, 
Palatki, we discovered by chance during our visit, and while it is possi- 
ble that some vaquero in search of a wild steer may have visited the 
neighborhood before us, there is every reason to believe that the ruin 
had escaped even the notice of these persons, and, like Honanki, was 
unknown to the archeologist. 
The two ruins, Honanki and Palatki, are nof the only ones in the 
lone canyon where we encamped. Following the canyon a short dis 
tance from its entrance, there was found to open into it from the left 
a tributary, or so-called box canyon, the walls of which are very 
precipitous. Perched on ledges of the cliffs there are several rows 
of fortifications or walls of masonry extending for many yards. It 
was impossible for us to enter these works, even after we had clambered 
up the side of the precipice to their level, so inaccessible were they to 
our approach. These “forts” were probably for refuge, but they are 
ill adapted as points of observation on account of the configuration of 
the canyon. Their masonry, as examined at a distance with a field 
glass, resembles that of Palatki and Honanki. 
I was impressed by the close resemblance between the large cliff 
houses of the Red-rocks, with their overhanging root of rock, and those 
of the San Juan and its tributaries in northern New Mexico. While it 
is recognized that cliff houses have been reported from Verde valley, I 
find them nowhere described, and our lack of information about them, 
