562 EXPEDITION TO ARIZONA IN 1895 [ETH. ANN. 17 
determination of the situation of the former front wall, fragments of 
the foundations of which are traceable in situ in several places. 
The hand of man and the erosion of the elements have dealt harshly 
with this portion of Honanki, for not a fragment of timber now remains 
in its walls. This destruction, so far as human agency is concerned, 
could not have been due to white men, but probably to the Apache, or 
possibly to the cliff villagers themselves at the time of or shortly after 
the abandonment of the settlement. 
From the second section of Honanki we pass to the third and best- 
preserved portion of the ruins (figure 249), indicated in the diagram 
from a tog. To this section I have referred as the “main ruin,” for it 
Fia, 249—The main ruin of Honanki 
was evidently the most populous quarter of the ancient cliff dwelling. 
It is better preserved than the remainder of Honanki, and is the only 
part in which all four walls of the chambers still remain erect. Built at 
a higher level than the series of rooms already considered, it must have 
towered above them, and possibly served as a place of retreat when 
danger beset the more exposed quarters of the village. 
Approaching the main ruin of Honanki (plate cry) from the east, or 
the parts already described, one passes between the buttress on which 
the front wall of the rounded room his built and a fragment of masonry 
on the left, by a natural gateway through which the trail is very steep. 
On the right there towers above the visitor a well-preserved wall of 
