FEWKES] ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF HONANKI 565 
The recess in the cliff in which the ruin is situated is lower in the 
middle than at either side, where there are projecting ledges of rock 
which were utilized by the builders in the construction of the founda- 
tions, the line of the front wall following the inequalities of the ground. 
It thus results that rooms g, a, b, and a part of ¢c, rise from a founda- 
tion about breast high, or a little higher than the base of rooms d, e, 
and /. 
The front wall of a has for its foundation a spur or ledge of rock, 
which is continued under ) and a part ofc. The corner or angle of 
this wall, facing the round chamber, is curved in the form of a tow er: 
a considerable section of its masonry being intact. Near the moan: 
tion and following the inequalities of the rock surface the beginning 
of a wall at right angles to the face of the ruin at this point is seen. 
A small embrasure, high above the base of the front wall, on the side 
by which one approaches the ruin from the east, and two smaller open- 
ings on the same level, looking out over the valley, suggest a floor and 
lookouts. The large square orifice in the middle of tke face of the 
wall has a wooden lintel, still in place; the opening is large enough for 
use as a door or passageway. The upper edge of the front wall is 
somewhat irregular, but a notch in it above the square opening is 
conspicuous. 
The rear wall of room a was the face of the cliff, formed of solid 
rock without masonry and very much blackened by smoke trom former 
fires. As, however, there is evidence that since its destruction or 
abandonment by its builders this ruin has been occupied as a camping 
place by the Apache, it is doubtful to which race we should ascribe 
this discoloration of the walls by soot. 
On the ground floor there is a passageway into chamber }, which is 
considerably enlarged, although the position of the lintel is clearly 
indicated by notches in the wall. The beam which was formed there 
had been torn from its place and undoubtedly long ago used for fire- 
wood by nomadic visitors. The open passageway, measured exter nally, 
is about 15 feet above the foundation of the wall, through which it is 
broken, and about 8 feet below the upper edge of the wall. 
Room / is an irregular, square chamber, two stories high, communi- 
eating with @ and ¢ by passages which are enlarged by breakage in 
the walls. A small hole in the front wall, about 6 feet from the floor, 
opens externally to the air. The walls are, in general, about 2 feet 
thick, and are composed of flat red stones laid in clay of the same 
color. The cliff forms the rear wall of the chamber. The clay at 
certain places in the walls, especially near the insertions of the beams 
and about the window openings, appears to have been mixed with a 
black pitch, which serves to harden the mixture. 
Room ¢ is the first of a series of chambers, with external passage- 
ways, but its walls are very much broken down, and the openings 
thereby enlarged. The front wall is almost straight and in one place 
