568 EXPEDITION TO ARIZONA IN 1895 [ETH. ANN. 17 
of these, said to enumerate the number of Apache killed by the Hopi 
in a raid many years ago, may be seen above the trail by which the 
visitor enters the pueblo of Hano on the East Mesa. The names of sey- 
eral persons scratched on the face of the cliff indicate that Americans 
had visited Honanki before me. 
The majority of the paleoglyphs at both Palatki and Honanki are of 
Apache origin, and are of comparatively modern date, as would natur- 
ally be expected. In some instances their colors are as fresh as if made 
a few years ago, and there is no doubt that they were drawn after the 
building was deserted by its original occupants. The positions of 
the pictographs on the cliffs imply that they were drawn before the 
roofs and flooring had been destroyed, thus showing how lately the 
ruin preserved its ancient form. In their sheltered position there seems 
to be no reason why the ancient pictographs should not have been 
preserved, and the fact that so few of the figures pecked in the cliff 
now remain is therefore instructive. 
One of the first tendencies of man in visiting a ruin is to inscribe 
his name on its walls or on neighboring cliffs. This is shared by both 
Indians and whites, and the former generally makes his totem on the 
rock surface, or adds that of his gods, the sun, rain-cloud, or kateinas. 
Inscriptions recording events are less common, as they are more difficult 
to indicate with exactitude in this system of pictography. The majority 
of ancient pictographs in the Red-rock country, like those I have con- 
sidered in other parts of Verde valley, are identical with picture writ- 
ings now made in Tusayan, and are recognized and interpreted without 
hesitation by the Hopi Indians. In their legends, in which the migra- 
tions of their ancestors are recounted, the traditionists often mention 
the fact that their ancestors left their totem signatures at certain points 
in their wanderings. The Patki people say that you will find on the 
rocks of Palatkwabi, the “Red Land of the South” from which they 
came, totems of the rain-cloud, sun, crane, parrot, etc. If we find these 
markings in the direction which they are thus definitely declared to 
exist, and the Hopi say similar pictures were made by their ancestors, 
there seems no reason to question such circumstantial evidence that 
some of the Hopi clans once came from this region.! 
One of the most interesting of the pictographs pecked in the rock 
is w figure which, variously modified, is a common decoration on cliff: 
dweller pottery from the Verde valley region to the ruins of the San Juan 
and its tributaries. This figure has the form of two concentric spirals, 
the ends of which donot join. As this design assumes many modifica- 
tions, it may be well to consider a few forms which it assumes on the 
pottery of the cliff people and on that of their descendants, the Pueblos. 
The so-called black-and-white ware, or white pottery decorated with 
black lines, which is so characteristic of the ceramics of the cliff: dwellers, 
is sometimes, as we Shall see, found in ruins like Awatobi and Sikyatki; 
'See ‘‘Tusayan Totemic Signatures,” American Anthropologist, Washington, January, 1897. 
